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🏝️ Rethinking Uncertainly Missing and Ambiguous Visual Modality in Multi-Modal Entity Alignment

In the face of modality incompleteness, some models succumb to overfitting the modality noise, and exhibit performance oscillations or declines at high modality missing rates. This indicates that the inclusion of additional multi-modal data can sometimes adversely affect EA. To address these challenges, we introduces UMAEA, a robust multi-modal entity alignment approach designed to tackle uncertainly missing and ambiguous visual modalities.

🔔 News

2024-02 We preprint our Survey Knowledge Graphs Meet Multi-Modal Learning: A Comprehensive Survey [Repo].
2024-02 We release the [Repo] for our paper Unleashing the Power of Imbalanced Modality Information for Multi-modal Knowledge Graph Completion , COLING 2024
2024-02 We preprint our Paper ASGEA: Exploiting Logic Rules from Align-Subgraphs for Entity Alignment [Repo].
2024-01 Our paper Revisit and Outstrip Entity Alignment: A Perspective of Generative Models [Repo] is accepted by ICLR 2024 !
2023-10 We preprint our paper Universal Multi-modal Entity Alignment via Iteratively Fusing Modality Similarity Paths !
2023-07 We release the [Repo] for our paper: Rethinking Uncertainly Missing and Ambiguous Visual Modality in Multi-Modal Entity Alignment ! [Slide], ISWC 2023
2023-04 We release the complete code and data for MEAformer ! [Slide] [Vedio], ACM MM 2023

🔬 Dependencies

pip install -r requirement.txt

Details

Python (>= 3.7)
PyTorch (>= 1.6.0)
numpy (>= 1.19.2)
Transformers (== 4.21.3)
easydict (>= 1.10)
unidecode (>= 1.3.6)
tensorboard (>= 2.11.0)

🚀 Train

Quick start: Using script file (run.sh)

>> cd UMAEA
>> bash run.sh

Optional: Using the bash command
Model Training Recommendation📍: For more stable and efficient model training, we suggest using the code without CMMI (w/o CMMI) initially. If you plan to use this model as a baseline, we also recommend using the script without CMMI to directly measure the model's performance in an End2End scenario.

# Command Details:
# Bash file / GPU / Dataset / Data Split / R_{sa} / R_{img}
# Begin:
# ---------- R_{img} = 0.4 & iter. & w/o CMMI ----------
>> bash run_umaea_00.sh 0 OEA_D_W_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.4
>> bash run_umaea_00.sh 0 OEA_D_W_15K_V2 norm 0.2 0.4
>> bash run_umaea_00.sh 0 OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.4
>> bash run_umaea_00.sh 0 OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.4
>> bash run_umaea_00.sh 0 DBP15K fr_en 0.3 0.4
>> bash run_umaea_00.sh 0 DBP15K ja_en 0.3 0.4
>> bash run_umaea_00.sh 0 DBP15K zh_en 0.3 0.4
# ---------- R_{img} = 0.6 & non-iter. & w/o CMMI ----------
>> bash run_umaea_0.sh 0 OEA_D_W_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.6
>> bash run_umaea_0.sh 0 OEA_D_W_15K_V2 norm 0.2 0.6
>> bash run_umaea_0.sh 0 OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.6
>> bash run_umaea_0.sh 0 OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.6
>> bash run_umaea_0.sh 0 DBP15K fr_en 0.3 0.6
>> bash run_umaea_0.sh 0 DBP15K ja_en 0.3 0.6
>> bash run_umaea_0.sh 0 DBP15K zh_en 0.3 0.6
# --------- R_{img} = 0.1 & non-iter. & w/ CMMI ---------
>> bash run_umaea_012.sh 0 OEA_D_W_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.1
>> bash run_umaea_012.sh 0 OEA_D_W_15K_V2 norm 0.2 0.1
>> bash run_umaea_012.sh 0 OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.1
>> bash run_umaea_012.sh 0 OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.1
>> bash run_umaea_012.sh 0 DBP15K fr_en 0.3 0.1
>> bash run_umaea_012.sh 0 DBP15K ja_en 0.3 0.1
>> bash run_umaea_012.sh 0 DBP15K zh_en 0.3 0.1
# --------- R_{img} = 0.2 & iter. & w/ CMMI ---------
>> bash run_umaea_012012.sh 0 OEA_D_W_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.2
>> bash run_umaea_012012.sh 0 OEA_D_W_15K_V2 norm 0.2 0.2
>> bash run_umaea_012012.sh 0 OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.2
>> bash run_umaea_012012.sh 0 OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1 norm 0.2 0.2
>> bash run_umaea_012012.sh 0 DBP15K fr_en 0.3 0.2
>> bash run_umaea_012012.sh 0 DBP15K ja_en 0.3 0.2
>> bash run_umaea_012012.sh 0 DBP15K zh_en 0.3 0.2

📌 Tips: you can open the run_umaea_X.sh file for parameter or training target modification.

stage_epoch: The number of epochs in each stage ( 1 / 2-1 / 2-2 )
- E.g., "250,0,0"
il_stage_epoch: The number of epochs in each iterative stage ( 1 / 2-1 / 2-2 )
- E.g., "0,0,0"

🎯 Standard Results

$\bf{H@1}$ Performance with the Settings: w/o surface & Non-iterative. We modified part of the MSNEA to involve not using the content of attribute values but only the attribute types themselves (See issues for details):

Method	$\bf{DBP15K_{ZH-EN}}$	$\bf{DBP15K_{JA-EN}}$	$\bf{DBP15K_{FR-EN}}$
MSNEA	.609	.541	.557
EVA	.683	.669	.686
MCLEA	.726	.719	.719
MEAformer	.772	.764	.771
UMAEA	.800	.801	.818

📚 Dataset (MMEA-UMVM)

To create our MMEA-UMVM (uncertainly missing visual modality) datasets, we perform random image dropping on MMEA datasets. Specifically, we randomly discard entity images to achieve varying degrees of visual modality missing, ranging from 0.05 to the maximum $R_{img}$ of the raw datasets with a step of 0.05 or 0.1. Finally, we get a total number of 97 data split as follow:

Dataset	$R_{img}$
$DBP15K_{ZH-EN}$	$0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.7, 0.75, 0.7829~(STD)$
$DBP15K_{JA-EN}$	$0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.7, 0.7032~(STD)$
$DBP15K_{FR-EN}$	$0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.6758~(STD)$
$OpenEA_{EN-FR}$	$0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0~(STD)$
$OpenEA_{EN-DE}$	$0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0~(STD)$
$OpenEA_{D-W-V1}$	$0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0~(STD)$
$OpenEA_{D-W-V2}$	$0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0~(STD)$

</div>

📍 Download:

[ Option ] The raw Multi-OpenEA images are available at Baidu Cloud Drive with the pass code aoo1. We only filter the RANK NO.1 image for each entity.
Case analysis Jupyter script: GoogleDrive (180M) base on the raw images of DBP15K entities (need to be unzip).
[ Option ] The raw images of entities appeared in DBP15k can be downloaded from Baidu Cloud Drive ((50GB)) with the pass code mmea. All images are saved as title-image pairs in dictionaries and can be accessed with the following code :

import pickle
zh_images = pickle.load(open("eva_image_resources/dbp15k/zh_dbp15k_link_img_dict_full.pkl",'rb'))
print(en_images["http://zh.dbpedia.org/resource/香港有線電視"].size)

🎯 The training data is available at GoogleDrive (6.09G). Unzip it to make those files satisfy the following file hierarchy:

ROOT
├── data
│   └── mmkg
└── code
    └── UMAEA

Code Path

<details> <summary>👈 🔎 Click</summary>

UMAEA
├── config.py
├── main.py
├── requirement.txt
├── run.sh
├── run_umaea_00.sh
├── run_umaea_012012.sh
├── run_umaea_012.sh
├── run_umaea_0.sh
├── model
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── layers.py
│   ├── Tool_model.py
│   ├── UMAEA_loss.py
│   ├── UMAEA.py
│   └── UMAEA_tools.py
├── src
│   ├── data.py
│   ├── __init__.py
│   └── utils.py
├── torchlight
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── logger.py
│   ├── metric.py
│   └── utils.py
└── tree.txt

</details>

Data Path

<details> <summary>👈 🔎 Click</summary>

mmkg
├── dump
├── DBP15K
│   ├── fr_en
│   │   ├── ent_ids_1
│   │   ├── ent_ids_2
│   │   ├── ill_ent_ids
│   │   ├── training_attrs_1
│   │   ├── training_attrs_2
│   │   ├── triples_1
│   │   └── triples_2
│   ├── ja_en
│   │   ├── ent_ids_1
│   │   ├── ent_ids_2
│   │   ├── ill_ent_ids
│   │   ├── training_attrs_1
│   │   ├── training_attrs_2
│   │   ├── triples_1
│   │   └── triples_2
│   ├── translated_ent_name
│   │   ├── dbp_fr_en.json
│   │   ├── dbp_ja_en.json
│   │   ├── dbp_zh_en.json
│   │   ├── srprs_de_en.json
│   │   └── srprs_fr_en.json
│   └── zh_en
│       ├── ent_ids_1
│       ├── ent_ids_2
│       ├── ill_ent_ids
│       ├── training_attrs_1
│       ├── training_attrs_2
│       ├── triples_1
│       └── triples_2
├── OpenEA
│   ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1
│   │   ├── ent_ids_1
│   │   ├── ent_ids_2
│   │   ├── ill_ent_ids
│   │   ├── rel_ids
│   │   ├── training_attrs_1
│   │   ├── training_attrs_2
│   │   ├── triples_1
│   │   └── triples_2
│   ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2
│   │   ├── ent_ids_1
│   │   ├── ent_ids_2
│   │   ├── ill_ent_ids
│   │   ├── rel_ids
│   │   ├── training_attrs_1
│   │   ├── training_attrs_2
│   │   ├── triples_1
│   │   └── triples_2
│   ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1
│   │   ├── ent_ids_1
│   │   ├── ent_ids_2
│   │   ├── ill_ent_ids
│   │   ├── rel_ids
│   │   ├── training_attrs_1
│   │   ├── training_attrs_2
│   │   ├── triples_1
│   │   └── triples_2
│   ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1
│   │   ├── ent_ids_1
│   │   ├── ent_ids_2
│   │   ├── ill_ent_ids
│   │   ├── rel_ids
│   │   ├── training_attrs_1
│   │   ├── training_attrs_2
│   │   ├── triples_1
│   │   └── triples_2
│   └── pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.05.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.15.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.1.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.2.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.3.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.45.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.4.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.55.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.5.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.6.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.75.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.7.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.8.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.95.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.9.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.05.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.15.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.1.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.2.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.3.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.45.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.4.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.55.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.5.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.6.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.75.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.7.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.8.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.95.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict_0.9.pkl
│       ├── OEA_D_W_15K_V2_id_img_feature_dict.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.05.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.15.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.1.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.2.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.3.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.45.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.4.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.55.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.5.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.6.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.75.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.7.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.8.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.95.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.9.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_DE_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.05.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.15.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.1.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.2.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.3.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.45.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.4.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.55.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.5.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.6.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.75.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.7.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.8.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.95.pkl
│       ├── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict_0.9.pkl
│       └── OEA_EN_FR_15K_V1_id_img_feature_dict.pkl
├── pkls
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.05.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.15.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.1.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.2.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.3.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.45.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.4.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.55.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.5.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.6.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.7.pkl
│   ├── fr_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.05.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.15.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.1.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.2.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.3.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.45.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.4.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.55.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.5.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.6.pkl
│   ├── ja_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.05.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.15.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.1.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.2.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.3.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.45.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.4.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.55.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.5.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.6.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.75.pkl
│   ├── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict_0.7.pkl
│   └── zh_en_GA_id_img_feature_dict.pkl
└── UMAEA
    └── save

</details>

🤝 Cite:

Please condiser citing this paper if you use the code or data from our work. Thanks a lot :)

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/semweb/ChenGFZCPLCZ23,
  author       = {Zhuo Chen and
                  Lingbing Guo and
                  Yin Fang and
                  Yichi Zhang and
                  Jiaoyan Chen and
                  Jeff Z. Pan and
                  Yangning Li and
                  Huajun Chen and
                  Wen Zhang},
  title        = {Rethinking Uncertainly Missing and Ambiguous Visual Modality in Multi-Modal
                  Entity Alignment},
  booktitle    = {{ISWC}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {14265},
  pages        = {121--139},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2023}
}

💡 Acknowledgement

Our prior work: MEAformer, Multi-OpenEA
We appreciate MCLEA, MSNEA, EVA, MMEA and many other related works for their open-source contributions.