Awesome
% mergerfs(1) mergerfs user manual
NAME
mergerfs - a featureful union filesystem
SYNOPSIS
mergerfs -o<options> <branches> <mountpoint>
DESCRIPTION
mergerfs is a union filesystem geared towards simplifying storage and management of files across numerous commodity storage devices. It is similar to mhddfs, unionfs, and aufs.
FEATURES
- Configurable behaviors / file placement
- Ability to add or remove filesystems at will
- Resistance to individual filesystem failure
- Support for extended attributes (xattrs)
- Support for file attributes (chattr)
- Runtime configurable (via xattrs)
- Works with heterogeneous filesystem types
- Moving of file when filesystem runs out of space while writing
- Ignore read-only filesystems when creating files
- Turn read-only files into symlinks to underlying file
- Hard link copy-on-write / CoW
- Support for POSIX ACLs
- Misc other things
HOW IT WORKS
mergerfs logically merges multiple paths together. Think a union of sets. The file/s or directory/s acted on or presented through mergerfs are based on the policy chosen for that particular action. Read more about policies below.
A + B = C
/disk1 /disk2 /merged
| | |
+-- /dir1 +-- /dir1 +-- /dir1
| | | | | |
| +-- file1 | +-- file2 | +-- file1
| | +-- file3 | +-- file2
+-- /dir2 | | +-- file3
| | +-- /dir3 |
| +-- file4 | +-- /dir2
| +-- file5 | |
+-- file6 | +-- file4
|
+-- /dir3
| |
| +-- file5
|
+-- file6
mergerfs does not support the copy-on-write (CoW) or whiteout behaviors found in aufs and overlayfs. You can not mount a read-only filesystem and write to it. However, mergerfs will ignore read-only filesystems when creating new files so you can mix read-write and read-only filesystems. It also does not split data across filesystems. It is not RAID0 / striping. It is simply a union of other filesystems.
TERMINOLOGY
- branch: A base path used in the pool.
- pool: The mergerfs mount. The union of the branches.
- relative path: The path in the pool relative to the branch and mount.
- function: A filesystem call (open, unlink, create, getattr, rmdir, etc.)
- category: A collection of functions based on basic behavior (action, create, search).
- policy: The algorithm used to select a file when performing a function.
- path preservation: Aspect of some policies which includes checking the path for which a file would be created.
BASIC SETUP
If you don't already know that you have a special use case then just start with one of the following option sets.
You need mmap
(used by rtorrent and many sqlite3 base software)
cache.files=auto-full,dropcacheonclose=true,category.create=mfs
or if you are on a Linux kernel >= 6.6.x mergerfs will enable a mode
that allows shared mmap when cache.files=off
. To be sure of the best
performance between cache.files=off
and cache.files=auto-full
you'll need to do your own benchmarking but often off
is faster.
You don't need mmap
cache.files=off,dropcacheonclose=true,category.create=mfs
Command Line
mergerfs -o cache.files=auto-full,dropcacheonclose=true,category.create=mfs /mnt/hdd0:/mnt/hdd1 /media
/etc/fstab
/mnt/hdd0:/mnt/hdd1 /media mergerfs cache.files=auto-full,dropcacheonclose=true,category.create=mfs 0 0
systemd mount
https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/wiki/systemd
[Unit]
Description=mergerfs service
[Service]
Type=simple
KillMode=none
ExecStart=/usr/bin/mergerfs \
-f \
-o cache.files=auto-full \
-o dropcacheonclose=true \
-o category.create=mfs \
/mnt/hdd0:/mnt/hdd1 \
/media
ExecStop=/bin/fusermount -uz /media
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=default.target
See the mergerfs wiki for real world deployments for comparisons / ideas.
OPTIONS
These options are the same regardless of whether you use them with the
mergerfs
commandline program, in fstab, or in a config file.
mount options
- config: Path to a config file. Same arguments as below in key=val / ini style format.
- branches: Colon delimited list of branches.
- minfreespace=SIZE: The minimum space value used for creation policies. Can be overridden by branch specific option. Understands 'K', 'M', and 'G' to represent kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte respectively. (default: 4G)
- moveonenospc=BOOL|POLICY: When enabled if a write fails with ENOSPC (no space left on device) or EDQUOT (disk quota exceeded) the policy selected will run to find a new location for the file. An attempt to move the file to that branch will occur (keeping all metadata possible) and if successful the original is unlinked and the write retried. (default: false, true = mfs)
- inodecalc=passthrough|path-hash|devino-hash|hybrid-hash: Selects the inode calculation algorithm. (default: hybrid-hash)
- dropcacheonclose=BOOL: When a file is requested to be closed
call
posix_fadvise
on it first to instruct the kernel that we no longer need the data and it can drop its cache. Recommended when cache.files=partial|full|auto-full|per-process to limit double caching. (default: false) - direct-io-allow-mmap=BOOL: On newer kernels (>= 6.6) it is possible to disable file page caching while still allowing for shared mmap support. mergerfs will enable this feature if available but an option is provided to turn it off for testing and debugging purposes. (default: true)
- symlinkify=BOOL: When enabled and a file is not writable and its mtime or ctime is older than symlinkify_timeout files will be reported as symlinks to the original files. Please read more below before using. (default: false)
- symlinkify_timeout=UINT: Time to wait, in seconds, to activate the symlinkify behavior. (default: 3600)
- nullrw=BOOL: Turns reads and writes into no-ops. The request will succeed but do nothing. Useful for benchmarking mergerfs. (default: false)
- lazy-umount-mountpoint=BOOL: mergerfs will attempt to "lazy umount" the mountpoint before mounting itself. Useful when performing live upgrades of mergerfs. (default: false)
- ignorepponrename=BOOL: Ignore path preserving on
rename. Typically rename and link act differently depending on the
policy of
create
(read below). Enabling this will cause rename and link to always use the non-path preserving behavior. This means files, when renamed or linked, will stay on the same filesystem. (default: false) - export-support=BOOL: Sets a low-level FUSE feature intended to indicate the filesystem can support being exported via NFS. (default: true)
- security_capability=BOOL: If false return ENOATTR when xattr security.capability is queried. (default: true)
- xattr=passthrough|noattr|nosys: Runtime control of xattrs. Default is to passthrough xattr requests. 'noattr' will short circuit as if nothing exists. 'nosys' will respond with ENOSYS as if xattrs are not supported or disabled. (default: passthrough)
- link_cow=BOOL: When enabled if a regular file is opened which has a link count > 1 it will copy the file to a temporary file and rename over the original. Breaking the link and providing a basic copy-on-write function similar to cow-shell. (default: false)
- statfs=base|full: Controls how statfs works. 'base' means it will always use all branches in statfs calculations. 'full' is in effect path preserving and only includes branches where the path exists. (default: base)
- statfs_ignore=none|ro|nc: 'ro' will cause statfs calculations to ignore available space for branches mounted or tagged as 'read-only' or 'no create'. 'nc' will ignore available space for branches tagged as 'no create'. (default: none)
- nfsopenhack=off|git|all: A workaround for exporting mergerfs over NFS where there are issues with creating files for write while setting the mode to read-only. (default: off)
- branches-mount-timeout=UINT: Number of seconds to wait at startup for branches to be a mount other than the mountpoint's filesystem. (default: 0)
- follow-symlinks=never|directory|regular|all: Turns symlinks into what they point to. (default: never)
- link-exdev=passthrough|rel-symlink|abs-base-symlink|abs-pool-symlink: When a link fails with EXDEV optionally create a symlink to the file instead.
- rename-exdev=passthrough|rel-symlink|abs-symlink: When a rename fails with EXDEV optionally move the file to a special directory and symlink to it.
- readahead=UINT: Set readahead (in kilobytes) for mergerfs and branches if greater than 0. (default: 0)
- posix_acl=BOOL: Enable POSIX ACL support (if supported by kernel and underlying filesystem). (default: false)
- async_read=BOOL: Perform reads asynchronously. If disabled or unavailable the kernel will ensure there is at most one pending read request per file handle and will attempt to order requests by offset. (default: true)
- fuse_msg_size=UINT: Set the max number of pages per FUSE message. Only available on Linux >= 4.20 and ignored otherwise. (min: 1; max: 256; default: 256)
- threads=INT: Number of threads to use. When used alone
(
process-thread-count=-1
) it sets the number of threads reading and processing FUSE messages. When used together it sets the number of threads reading from FUSE. When set to zero it will attempt to discover and use the number of logical cores. If the thread count is set negative it will look up the number of cores then divide by the absolute value. ie. threads=-2 on an 8 core machine will result in 8 / 2 = 4 threads. There will always be at least 1 thread. If set to -1 in combination withprocess-thread-count
then it will try to pick reasonable values based on CPU thread count. NOTE: higher number of threads increases parallelism but usually decreases throughput. (default: 0) - read-thread-count=INT: Alias for
threads
. - process-thread-count=INT: Enables separate thread pool to
asynchronously process FUSE requests. In this mode
read-thread-count
refers to the number of threads reading FUSE messages which are dispatched to process threads. -1 means disabled otherwise acts likeread-thread-count
. (default: -1) - process-thread-queue-depth=UINT: Sets the number of requests any single process thread can have queued up at one time. Meaning the total memory usage of the queues is queue depth multiplied by the number of process threads plus read thread count. 0 sets the depth to the same as the process thread count. (default: 0)
- pin-threads=STR: Selects a strategy to pin threads to CPUs (default: unset)
- flush-on-close=never|always|opened-for-write: Flush data cache on file close. Mostly for when writeback is enabled or merging network filesystems. (default: opened-for-write)
- scheduling-priority=INT: Set mergerfs' scheduling
priority. Valid values range from -20 to 19. See
setpriority
man page for more details. (default: -10) - fsname=STR: Sets the name of the filesystem as seen in mount, df, etc. Defaults to a list of the source paths concatenated together with the longest common prefix removed.
- func.FUNC=POLICY: Sets the specific FUSE function's policy. See below for the list of value types. Example: func.getattr=newest
- func.readdir=seq|cosr|cor|cosr:INT|cor:INT: Sets
readdir
policy. INT value sets the number of threads to use for concurrency. (default: seq) - category.action=POLICY: Sets policy of all FUSE functions in the action category. (default: epall)
- category.create=POLICY: Sets policy of all FUSE functions in the create category. (default: epmfs)
- category.search=POLICY: Sets policy of all FUSE functions in the search category. (default: ff)
- cache.open=UINT: 'open' policy cache timeout in seconds. (default: 0)
- cache.statfs=UINT: 'statfs' cache timeout in seconds. (default: 0)
- cache.attr=UINT: File attribute cache timeout in seconds. (default: 1)
- cache.entry=UINT: File name lookup cache timeout in seconds. (default: 1)
- cache.negative_entry=UINT: Negative file name lookup cache timeout in seconds. (default: 0)
- cache.files=libfuse|off|partial|full|auto-full|per-process: File page caching mode (default: libfuse)
- cache.files.process-names=LIST: A pipe | delimited list of
process comm
names to enable page caching for when
cache.files=per-process
. (default: "rtorrent|qbittorrent-nox") - cache.writeback=BOOL: Enable kernel writeback caching (default: false)
- cache.symlinks=BOOL: Cache symlinks (if supported by kernel) (default: false)
- cache.readdir=BOOL: Cache readdir (if supported by kernel) (default: false)
- parallel-direct-writes=BOOL: Allow the kernel to dispatch
multiple, parallel (non-extending) write requests for files opened
with
cache.files=per-process
(if the process is not inprocess-names
) orcache.files=off
. (This requires kernel support, and was added in v6.2) - direct_io: deprecated - Bypass page cache. Use
cache.files=off
instead. (default: false) - kernel_cache: deprecated - Do not invalidate data cache on file
open. Use
cache.files=full
instead. (default: false) - auto_cache: deprecated - Invalidate data cache if file mtime or
size change. Use
cache.files=auto-full
instead. (default: false) - async_read: deprecated - Perform reads asynchronously. Use
async_read=true
instead. - sync_read: deprecated - Perform reads synchronously. Use
async_read=false
instead. - splice_read: deprecated - Does nothing.
- splice_write: deprecated - Does nothing.
- splice_move: deprecated - Does nothing.
- allow_other: deprecated - mergerfs v2.35.0 and newer sets this FUSE option automatically if running as root.
- use_ino: deprecated - mergerfs should always control inode calculation so this is enabled all the time.
NOTE: Options are evaluated in the order listed so if the options are func.rmdir=rand,category.action=ff the action category setting will override the rmdir setting.
NOTE: Always look at the documentation for the version of mergerfs
you're using. Not all features are available in older releases. Use
man mergerfs
or find the docs as linked in the release.
Value Types
- BOOL = 'true' | 'false'
- INT = [MIN_INT,MAX_INT]
- UINT = [0,MAX_INT]
- SIZE = 'NNM'; NN = INT, M = 'K' | 'M' | 'G' | 'T'
- STR = string (may refer to an enumerated value, see details of argument)
- FUNC = filesystem function
- CATEGORY = function category
- POLICY = mergerfs function policy
branches
The 'branches' argument is a colon (':') delimited list of paths to be pooled together. It does not matter if the paths are on the same or different filesystems nor does it matter the filesystem type (within reason). Used and available space will not be duplicated for paths on the same filesystem and any features which aren't supported by the underlying filesystem (such as file attributes or extended attributes) will return the appropriate errors.
Branches currently have two options which can be set. A type which
impacts whether or not the branch is included in a policy calculation
and a individual minfreespace value. The values are set by prepending
an =
at the end of a branch designation and using commas as
delimiters. Example: /mnt/drive=RW,1234
branch mode
- RW: (read/write) - Default behavior. Will be eligible in all policy categories.
- RO: (read-only) - Will be excluded from
create
andaction
policies. Same as a read-only mounted filesystem would be (though faster to process). - NC: (no-create) - Will be excluded from
create
policies. You can't create on that branch but you can change or delete.
minfreespace
Same purpose and syntax as the global option but specific to the branch. If not set the global value is used.
globbing
To make it easier to include multiple branches mergerfs supports globbing. The globbing tokens MUST be escaped when using via the shell else the shell itself will apply the glob itself.
# mergerfs /mnt/hdd\*:/mnt/ssd /media
The above line will use all mount points in /mnt prefixed with hdd and ssd.
To have the pool mounted at boot or otherwise accessible from related tools use /etc/fstab.
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
/mnt/hdd*:/mnt/ssd /media mergerfs minfreespace=16G 0 0
NOTE: the globbing is done at mount or when updated using the runtime API. If a new directory is added matching the glob after the fact it will not be automatically included.
NOTE: for mounting via fstab to work you must have mount.fuse installed. For Ubuntu/Debian it is included in the fuse package.
inodecalc
Inodes (st_ino) are unique identifiers within a filesystem. Each mounted filesystem has device ID (st_dev) as well and together they can uniquely identify a file on the whole of the system. Entries on the same device with the same inode are in fact references to the same underlying file. It is a many to one relationship between names and an inode. Directories, however, do not have multiple links on most systems due to the complexity they add.
FUSE allows the server (mergerfs) to set inode values but not device
IDs. Creating an inode value is somewhat complex in mergerfs' case as
files aren't really in its control. If a policy changes what directory
or file is to be selected or something changes out of band it becomes
unclear what value should be used. Most software does not to care what
the values are but those that do often break if a value changes
unexpectedly. The tool find
will abort a directory walk if it sees a
directory inode change. NFS can return stale handle errors if the
inode changes out of band. File dedup tools will usually leverage
device ids and inodes as a shortcut in searching for duplicate files
and would resort to full file comparisons should it find different
inode values.
mergerfs offers multiple ways to calculate the inode in hopes of covering different usecases.
- passthrough: Passes through the underlying inode value. Mostly intended for testing as using this does not address any of the problems mentioned above and could confuse file deduplication software as inodes from different filesystems can be the same.
- path-hash: Hashes the relative path of the entry in question. The underlying file's values are completely ignored. This means the inode value will always be the same for that file path. This is useful when using NFS and you make changes out of band such as copy data between branches. This also means that entries that do point to the same file will not be recognizable via inodes. That does not mean hard links don't work. They will.
- path-hash32: 32bit version of path-hash.
- devino-hash: Hashes the device id and inode of the underlying entry. This won't prevent issues with NFS should the policy pick a different file or files move out of band but will present the same inode for underlying files that do too.
- devino-hash32: 32bit version of devino-hash.
- hybrid-hash: Performs
path-hash
on directories anddevino-hash
on other file types. Since directories can't have hard links the static value won't make a difference and the files will get values useful for finding duplicates. Probably the best to use if not using NFS. As such it is the default. - hybrid-hash32: 32bit version of hybrid-hash.
32bit versions are provided as there is some software which does not handle 64bit inodes well.
While there is a risk of hash collision in tests of a couple of million
entries there were zero collisions. Unlike a typical filesystem FUSE
filesystems can reuse inodes and not refer to the same entry. The
internal identifier used to reference a file in FUSE is different from
the inode value presented. The former is the nodeid
and is actually
a tuple of 2 64bit values: nodeid
and generation
. This tuple is
not client facing. The inode that is presented to the client is passed
through the kernel uninterpreted.
From FUSE docs for use_ino
:
Honor the st_ino field in the functions getattr() and
fill_dir(). This value is used to fill in the st_ino field
in the stat(2), lstat(2), fstat(2) functions and the d_ino
field in the readdir(2) function. The filesystem does not
have to guarantee uniqueness, however some applications
rely on this value being unique for the whole filesystem.
Note that this does *not* affect the inode that libfuse
and the kernel use internally (also called the "nodeid").
As of version 2.35.0 the use_ino
option has been removed. mergerfs
should always be managing inode values.
pin-threads
Simple strategies for pinning read and/or process threads. If process threads are not enabled then the strategy simply works on the read threads. Invalid values are ignored.
- R1L: All read threads pinned to a single logical CPU.
- R1P: All read threads pinned to a single physical CPU.
- RP1L: All read and process threads pinned to a single logical CPU.
- RP1P: All read and process threads pinned to a single physical CPU.
- R1LP1L: All read threads pinned to a single logical CPU, all process threads pinned to a (if possible) different logical CPU.
- R1PP1P: All read threads pinned to a single physical CPU, all process threads pinned to a (if possible) different logical CPU.
- RPSL: All read and process threads are spread across all logical CPUs.
- RPSP: All read and process threads are spread across all physical CPUs.
- R1PPSP: All read threads are pinned to a single physical CPU while process threads are spread across all other physical CPUs.
fuse_msg_size
FUSE applications communicate with the kernel over a special character
device: /dev/fuse
. A large portion of the overhead associated with
FUSE is the cost of going back and forth between user space and kernel
space over that device. Generally speaking, the fewer trips needed the
better the performance will be. Reducing the number of trips can be
done a number of ways. Kernel level caching and increasing message
sizes being two significant ones. When it comes to reads and writes if
the message size is doubled the number of trips are approximately
halved.
In Linux 4.20 a new feature was added allowing the negotiation of the
max message size. Since the size is in multiples of
pages the
feature is called max_pages
. There is a maximum max_pages
value of
256 (1MiB) and minimum of 1 (4KiB). The default used by Linux >=4.20,
and hardcoded value used before 4.20, is 32 (128KiB). In mergerfs it's
referred to as fuse_msg_size
to make it clear what it impacts and
provide some abstraction.
Since there should be no downsides to increasing fuse_msg_size
/
max_pages
, outside a minor bump in RAM usage due to larger message
buffers, mergerfs defaults the value to 256. On kernels before 4.20
the value has no effect. The reason the value is configurable is to
enable experimentation and benchmarking. See the BENCHMARKING section
for examples.
follow-symlinks
This feature, when enabled, will cause symlinks to be interpreted by mergerfs as their target (depending on the mode).
When there is a getattr/stat request for a file mergerfs will check if
the file is a symlink and depending on the follow-symlinks
setting
will replace the information about the symlink with that of that which
it points to.
When unlink'ing or rmdir'ing the followed symlink it will remove the symlink itself and not that which it points to.
- never: Behave as normal. Symlinks are treated as such.
- directory: Resolve symlinks only which point to directories.
- regular: Resolve symlinks only which point to regular files.
- all: Resolve all symlinks to that which they point to.
Symlinks which do not point to anything are left as is.
WARNING: This feature works but there might be edge cases yet found. If you find any odd behaviors please file a ticket on github.
link-exdev
If using path preservation and a link
fails with EXDEV make a call
to symlink
where the target
is the oldlink
and the linkpath
is
the newpath
. The target
value is determined by the value of
link-exdev
.
- passthrough: Return EXDEV as normal.
- rel-symlink: A relative path from the
newpath
. - abs-base-symlink: An absolute value using the underlying branch.
- abs-pool-symlink: An absolute value using the mergerfs mount point.
NOTE: It is possible that some applications check the file they link. In those cases, it is possible it will error or complain.
rename-exdev
If using path preservation and a rename
fails with EXDEV:
- Move file from /branch/a/b/c to /branch/.mergerfs_rename_exdev/a/b/c.
- symlink the rename's
newpath
to the moved file.
The target
value is determined by the value of rename-exdev
.
- passthrough: Return EXDEV as normal.
- rel-symlink: A relative path from the
newpath
. - abs-symlink: An absolute value using the mergerfs mount point.
NOTE: It is possible that some applications check the file they rename. In those cases it is possible it will error or complain.
NOTE: The reason abs-symlink
is not split into two like link-exdev
is due to the complexities in managing absolute base symlinks when
multiple oldpaths
exist.
symlinkify
Due to the levels of indirection introduced by mergerfs and the
underlying technology FUSE there can be varying levels of performance
degradation. This feature will turn non-directories which are not
writable into symlinks to the original file found by the readlink
policy after the mtime and ctime are older than the timeout.
WARNING: The current implementation has a known issue in which if the file is open and being used when the file is converted to a symlink then the application which has that file open will receive an error when using it. This is unlikely to occur in practice but is something to keep in mind.
WARNING: Some backup solutions, such as CrashPlan, do not backup the target of a symlink. If using this feature it will be necessary to point any backup software to the original filesystems or configure the software to follow symlinks if such an option is available. Alternatively, create two mounts. One for backup and one for general consumption.
nullrw
Due to how FUSE works there is an overhead to all requests made to a FUSE filesystem that wouldn't exist for an in kernel one. Meaning that even a simple passthrough will have some slowdown. However, generally the overhead is minimal in comparison to the cost of the underlying I/O. By disabling the underlying I/O we can test the theoretical performance boundaries.
By enabling nullrw
mergerfs will work as it always does except
that all reads and writes will be no-ops. A write will succeed (the
size of the write will be returned as if it were successful) but
mergerfs does nothing with the data it was given. Similarly a read
will return the size requested but won't touch the buffer.
See the BENCHMARKING section for suggestions on how to test.
xattr
Runtime extended attribute support can be managed via the xattr
option. By default it will passthrough any xattr calls. Given xattr
support is rarely used and can have significant performance
implications mergerfs allows it to be disabled at runtime. The
performance problems mostly comes when file caching is enabled. The
kernel will send a getxattr
for security.capability
before every
single write. It doesn't cache the responses to any getxattr
. This
might be addressed in the future but for now mergerfs can really only
offer the following workarounds.
noattr
will cause mergerfs to short circuit all xattr calls and
return ENOATTR where appropriate. mergerfs still gets all the requests
but they will not be forwarded on to the underlying filesystems. The
runtime control will still function in this mode.
nosys
will cause mergerfs to return ENOSYS for any xattr call. The
difference with noattr
is that the kernel will cache this fact and
itself short circuit future calls. This is more efficient than
noattr
but will cause mergerfs' runtime control via the hidden file
to stop working.
nfsopenhack
NFS is not fully POSIX compliant and historically certain behaviors, such as opening files with O_EXCL, are not or not well supported. When mergerfs (or any FUSE filesystem) is exported over NFS some of these issues come up due to how NFS and FUSE interact.
This hack addresses the issue where the creation of a file with a read-only mode but with a read/write or write only flag. Normally this is perfectly valid but NFS chops the one open call into multiple calls. Exactly how it is translated depends on the configuration and versions of the NFS server and clients but it results in a permission error because a normal user is not allowed to open a read-only file as writable.
Even though it's a more niche situation this hack breaks normal
security and behavior and as such is off
by default. If set to git
it will only perform the hack when the path in question includes
/.git/
. all
will result in it applying anytime a read-only file which
is empty is opened for writing.
export-support
In theory, this flag should not be exposed to the end user. It is a low-level FUSE flag which indicates whether or not the kernel can send certain kinds of messages to it for the purposes of using it with NFS. mergerfs does support these messages but due to bugs and quirks found in the kernel and mergerfs this option is provided just in case it is needed for debugging.
Given that this flag is set when the FUSE connection is first initiated it is not possible to change during run time.
FUNCTIONS, CATEGORIES and POLICIES
The POSIX filesystem API is made up of a number of functions. creat, stat, chown, etc. For ease of configuration in mergerfs, most of the core functions are grouped into 3 categories: action, create, and search. These functions and categories can be assigned a policy which dictates which branch is chosen when performing that function.
Some functions, listed in the category N/A
below, can not be
assigned the normal policies. These functions work with file handles,
rather than file paths, which were created by open
or create
. That
said many times the current FUSE kernel driver will not always provide
the file handle when a client calls fgetattr
, fchown
, fchmod
,
futimens
, ftruncate
, etc. This means it will call the regular,
path based, versions. statfs
's behavior can be modified via other
options.
When using policies which are based on a branch's available space the base path provided is used. Not the full path to the file in question. Meaning that mounts in the branch won't be considered in the space calculations. The reason is that it doesn't really work for non-path preserving policies and can lead to non-obvious behaviors.
NOTE: While any policy can be assigned to a function or category,
some may not be very useful in practice. For instance: rand
(random) may be useful for file creation (create) but could lead to
very odd behavior if used for chmod
if there were more than one copy
of the file.
Functions and their Category classifications
Category | FUSE Functions |
---|---|
action | chmod, chown, link, removexattr, rename, rmdir, setxattr, truncate, unlink, utimens |
create | create, mkdir, mknod, symlink |
search | access, getattr, getxattr, ioctl (directories), listxattr, open, readlink |
N/A | fchmod, fchown, futimens, ftruncate, fallocate, fgetattr, fsync, ioctl (files), read, readdir, release, statfs, write, copy_file_range |
In cases where something may be searched for (such as a path to clone) getattr will usually be used.
Policies
A policy is the algorithm used to choose a branch or branches for a function to work on or generally how the function behaves.
Any function in the create
category will clone the relative path if
needed. Some other functions (rename
,link
,ioctl
) have special
requirements or behaviors which you can read more about below.
Filtering
Most policies basically search branches and create a list of files / paths for functions to work on. The policy is responsible for filtering and sorting the branches. Filters include minfreespace, whether or not a branch is mounted read-only, and the branch tagging (RO,NC,RW). These filters are applied across most policies.
- No search function policies filter.
- All action function policies filter out branches which are mounted read-only or tagged as RO (read-only).
- All create function policies filter out branches which are
mounted read-only, tagged RO (read-only) or NC (no
create), or has available space less than
minfreespace
.
Policies may have their own additional filtering such as those that require existing paths to be present.
If all branches are filtered an error will be returned. Typically EROFS (read-only filesystem) or ENOSPC (no space left on device) depending on the most recent reason for filtering a branch. ENOENT will be returned if no eligible branch is found.
If create, mkdir, mknod, or symlink fail with EROFS
or other fundamental errors then mergerfs will mark any branch found
to be read-only as such (IE will set the mode RO
) and will rerun the
policy and try again. This is mostly for ext4
filesystems that can
suddenly become read-only when it encounters an error.
Path Preservation
Policies, as described below, are of two basic classifications. path preserving
and non-path preserving
.
All policies which start with ep
(epff, eplfs, eplus,
epmfs, eprand) are path preserving
. ep
stands for
existing path
.
A path preserving policy will only consider branches where the relative path being accessed already exists.
When using non-path preserving policies paths will be cloned to target branches as necessary.
With the msp
or most shared path
policies they are defined as
path preserving
for the purpose of controlling link
and rename
's
behaviors since ignorepponrename
is available to disable that
behavior.
Policy descriptions
A policy's behavior differs, as mentioned above, based on the function it is used with. Sometimes it really might not make sense to even offer certain policies because they are literally the same as others but it makes things a bit more uniform.
Policy | Description |
---|---|
all | Search: For mkdir, mknod, and symlink it will apply to all branches. create works like ff. |
epall (existing path, all) | For mkdir, mknod, and symlink it will apply to all found. create works like epff (but more expensive because it doesn't stop after finding a valid branch). |
epff (existing path, first found) | Given the order of the branches, as defined at mount time or configured at runtime, act on the first one found where the relative path exists. |
eplfs (existing path, least free space) | Of all the branches on which the relative path exists choose the branch with the least free space. |
eplus (existing path, least used space) | Of all the branches on which the relative path exists choose the branch with the least used space. |
epmfs (existing path, most free space) | Of all the branches on which the relative path exists choose the branch with the most free space. |
eppfrd (existing path, percentage free random distribution) | Like pfrd but limited to existing paths. |
eprand (existing path, random) | Calls epall and then randomizes. Returns 1. |
ff (first found) | Given the order of the branches, as defined at mount time or configured at runtime, act on the first one found. |
lfs (least free space) | Pick the branch with the least available free space. |
lus (least used space) | Pick the branch with the least used space. |
mfs (most free space) | Pick the branch with the most available free space. |
msplfs (most shared path, least free space) | Like eplfs but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one. |
msplus (most shared path, least used space) | Like eplus but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one. |
mspmfs (most shared path, most free space) | Like epmfs but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one. |
msppfrd (most shared path, percentage free random distribution) | Like eppfrd but if it fails to find a branch it will try again with the parent directory. Continues this pattern till finding one. |
newest | Pick the file / directory with the largest mtime. |
pfrd (percentage free random distribution) | Chooses a branch at random with the likelihood of selection based on a branch's available space relative to the total. |
rand (random) | Calls all and then randomizes. Returns 1 branch. |
NOTE: If you are using an underlying filesystem that reserves
blocks such as ext2, ext3, or ext4 be aware that mergerfs respects the
reservation by using f_bavail
(number of free blocks for
unprivileged users) rather than f_bfree
(number of free blocks) in
policy calculations. df does NOT use f_bavail
, it uses
f_bfree
, so direct comparisons between df output and mergerfs'
policies is not appropriate.
Defaults
Category | Policy |
---|---|
action | epall |
create | epmfs |
search | ff |
func.readdir
examples: func.readdir=seq
, func.readdir=cor:4
readdir
has policies to control how it manages reading directory
content.
Policy | Description |
---|---|
seq | "sequential" : Iterate over branches in the order defined. This is the default and traditional behavior found prior to the readdir policy introduction. |
cosr | "concurrent open, sequential read" : Concurrently open branch directories using a thread pool and process them in order of definition. This keeps memory and CPU usage low while also reducing the time spent waiting on branches to respond. Number of threads defaults to the number of logical cores. Can be overwritten via the syntax func.readdir=cosr:N where N is the number of threads. |
cor | "concurrent open and read" : Concurrently open branch directories and immediately start reading their contents using a thread pool. This will result in slightly higher memory and CPU usage but reduced latency. Particularly when using higher latency / slower speed network filesystem branches. Unlike seq and cosr the order of files could change due the async nature of the thread pool. Number of threads defaults to the number of logical cores. Can be overwritten via the syntax func.readdir=cor:N where N is the number of threads. |
Keep in mind that readdir
mostly just provides a list of file names
in a directory and possibly some basic metadata about said files. To
know details about the files, as one would see from commands like
find
or ls
, it is required to call stat
on the file which is
controlled by fuse.getattr
.
ioctl
When ioctl
is used with an open file then it will use the file
handle which was created at the original open
call. However, when
using ioctl
with a directory mergerfs will use the open
policy to
find the directory to act on.
rename & link
NOTE: If you're receiving errors from software when files are
moved / renamed / linked then you should consider changing the create
policy to one which is not path preserving, enabling
ignorepponrename
, or contacting the author of the offending software
and requesting that EXDEV
(cross device / improper link) be properly
handled.
rename
and link
are tricky functions in a union
filesystem. rename
only works within a single filesystem or
device. If a rename can't be done atomically due to the source and
destination paths existing on different mount points it will return
-1 with errno = EXDEV (cross device / improper link). So if a
rename
's source and target are on different filesystems within the pool
it creates an issue.
Originally mergerfs would return EXDEV whenever a rename was requested which was cross directory in any way. This made the code simple and was technically compliant with POSIX requirements. However, many applications fail to handle EXDEV at all and treat it as a normal error or otherwise handle it poorly. Such apps include: gvfsd-fuse v1.20.3 and prior, Finder / CIFS/SMB client in Apple OSX 10.9+, NZBGet, Samba's recycling bin feature.
As a result a compromise was made in order to get most software to work while still obeying mergerfs' policies. Below is the basic logic.
- If using a create policy which tries to preserve directory paths (epff,eplfs,eplus,epmfs)
- Using the rename policy get the list of files to rename
- For each file attempt rename:
- If failure with ENOENT (no such file or directory) run create policy
- If create policy returns the same branch as currently evaluating then clone the path
- Re-attempt rename
- If any of the renames succeed the higher level rename is considered a success
- If no renames succeed the first error encountered will be returned
- On success:
- Remove the target from all branches with no source file
- Remove the source from all branches which failed to rename
- If using a create policy which does not try to preserve directory paths
- Using the rename policy get the list of files to rename
- Using the getattr policy get the target path
- For each file attempt rename:
- If the source branch != target branch:
- Clone target path from target branch to source branch
- Rename
- If the source branch != target branch:
- If any of the renames succeed the higher level rename is considered a success
- If no renames succeed the first error encountered will be returned
- On success:
- Remove the target from all branches with no source file
- Remove the source from all branches which failed to rename
The removals are subject to normal entitlement checks.
The above behavior will help minimize the likelihood of EXDEV being returned but it will still be possible.
link uses the same strategy but without the removals.
statfs / statvfs
statvfs normalizes the source filesystems based on the fragment size and sums the number of adjusted blocks and inodes. This means you will see the combined space of all sources. Total, used, and free. The sources however are dedupped based on the filesystem so multiple sources on the same drive will not result in double counting its space. Other filesystems mounted further down the tree of the branch will not be included when checking the mount's stats.
The options statfs
and statfs_ignore
can be used to modify
statfs
behavior.
flush-on-close
https://lkml.kernel.org/linux-fsdevel/20211024132607.1636952-1-amir73il@gmail.com/T/
By default, FUSE would issue a flush before the release of a file descriptor. This was considered a bit aggressive and a feature added to give the FUSE server the ability to choose when that happens.
Options:
- always
- never
- opened-for-write
For now it defaults to "opened-for-write" which is less aggressive than the behavior before this feature was added. It should not be a problem because the flush is really only relevant when a file is written to. Given flush is irrelevant for many filesystems in the future a branch specific flag may be added so only files opened on a specific branch would be flushed on close.
ERROR HANDLING
POSIX filesystem functions offer a single return code meaning that there is some complication regarding the handling of multiple branches as mergerfs does. It tries to handle errors in a way that would generally return meaningful values for that particular function.
chmod, chown, removexattr, setxattr, truncate, utimens
- if no error: return 0 (success)
- if no successes: return first error
- if one of the files acted on was the same as the related search function: return its value
- return 0 (success)
While doing this increases the complexity and cost of error handling, particularly step 3, this provides probably the most reasonable return value.
unlink, rmdir
- if no errors: return 0 (success)
- return first error
Older versions of mergerfs would return success if any success occurred but for unlink and rmdir there are downstream assumptions that, while not impossible to occur, can confuse some software.
others
For search functions, there is always a single thing acted on and as such whatever return value that comes from the single function call is returned.
For create functions mkdir
, mknod
, and symlink
which don't
return a file descriptor and therefore can have all
or epall
policies it will return success if any of the calls succeed and an
error otherwise.
INSTALL
https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases
If your distribution's package manager includes mergerfs check if the version is up to date. If out of date it is recommended to use the latest release found on the release page. Details for common distros are below.
Debian
Most Debian installs are of a stable branch and therefore do not have
the most up to date software. While mergerfs is available via apt
it
is suggested that users install the most recent version available from
the releases page.
prebuilt deb
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs_<ver>.debian-<rel>_<arch>.deb
dpkg -i mergerfs_<ver>.debian-<rel>_<arch>.deb
apt
sudo apt install -y mergerfs
Ubuntu
Most Ubuntu installs are of a stable branch and therefore do not have
the most up to date software. While mergerfs is available via apt
it
is suggested that users install the most recent version available from
the releases page.
prebuilt deb
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<version>/mergerfs_<ver>.ubuntu-<rel>_<arch>.deb
dpkg -i mergerfs_<ver>.ubuntu-<rel>_<arch>.deb
apt
sudo apt install -y mergerfs
Raspberry Pi OS
Effectively the same as Debian or Ubuntu.
Fedora
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-<ver>.fc<rel>.<arch>.rpm
sudo rpm -i mergerfs-<ver>.fc<rel>.<arch>.rpm
CentOS / Rocky
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-<ver>.el<rel>.<arch>.rpm
sudo rpm -i mergerfs-<ver>.el<rel>.<arch>.rpm
ArchLinux
- Setup AUR
- Install
mergerfs
Other
Static binaries are provided for situations where native packages are unavailable.
wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-static-linux_<arch>.tar.gz
sudo tar xvf mergerfs-static-linux_<arch>.tar.gz -C /
BUILD
NOTE: Prebuilt packages can be found at and recommended for most users: https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases
NOTE: Only tagged releases are supported. master
and other
branches should be considered works in progress.
First, get the code from github.
$ git clone https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs.git
$ # or
$ wget https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/releases/download/<ver>/mergerfs-<ver>.tar.gz
Debian / Ubuntu
$ cd mergerfs
$ sudo tools/install-build-pkgs
$ make deb
$ sudo dpkg -i ../mergerfs_<version>_<arch>.deb
RHEL / CentOS / Rocky / Fedora
$ su -
# cd mergerfs
# tools/install-build-pkgs
# make rpm
# rpm -i rpmbuild/RPMS/<arch>/mergerfs-<version>.<arch>.rpm
Generic
Have git, g++, make, python installed.
$ cd mergerfs
$ make
$ sudo make install
Build options
$ make help
usage: make
make USE_XATTR=0 - build program without xattrs functionality
make STATIC=1 - build static binary
make LTO=1 - build with link time optimization
UPGRADE
mergerfs can be upgraded live by mounting on top of the previous instance. Simply install the new version of mergerfs and follow the instructions below.
Run mergerfs again or if using /etc/fstab
call for it to mount
again. Existing open files and such will continue to work fine though
they won't see runtime changes since any such change would be the new
mount. If you plan on changing settings with the new mount you should
/ could apply those before mounting the new version.
$ sudo mount /mnt/mergerfs
$ mount | grep mergerfs
media on /mnt/mergerfs type mergerfs (rw,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other)
media on /mnt/mergerfs type mergerfs (rw,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,default_permissions,allow_other)
A problem with this approach is that the underlying instance will
continue to run even if the software using it stop or are
restarted. To work around this you can use a "lazy umount". Before
mounting over top the mount point with the new instance of mergerfs
issue: umount -l <mergerfs_mountpoint>
. Or you can let mergerfs do
it by setting the option lazy-umount-mountpoint=true
.
RUNTIME INTERFACES
RUNTIME CONFIG
.mergerfs pseudo file
<mountpoint>/.mergerfs
There is a pseudo file available at the mount point which allows for the runtime modification of certain mergerfs options. The file will not show up in readdir but can be stat'ed and manipulated via {list,get,set}xattrs calls.
Any changes made at runtime are not persisted. If you wish for values to persist they must be included as options wherever you configure the mounting of mergerfs (/etc/fstab).
Keys
Use getfattr -d /mountpoint/.mergerfs
or xattr -l /mountpoint/.mergerfs
to see all supported keys. Some are
informational and therefore read-only. setxattr
will return EINVAL
(invalid argument) on read-only keys.
Values
Same as the command line.
user.mergerfs.branches
Used to query or modify the list of branches. When modifying there are several shortcuts to easy manipulation of the list.
Value | Description |
---|---|
[list] | set |
+<[list] | prepend |
+>[list] | append |
-[list] | remove all values provided |
-< | remove first in list |
-> | remove last in list |
xattr -w user.mergerfs.branches +</mnt/drive3 /mnt/pool/.mergerfs
The =NC
, =RO
, =RW
syntax works just as on the command line.
Example
[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -d .mergerfs
user.mergerfs.branches="/mnt/a=RW:/mnt/b=RW"
user.mergerfs.minfreespace="4294967295"
user.mergerfs.moveonenospc="false"
...
[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.search .mergerfs
user.mergerfs.category.search="ff"
[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ setfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.search -v newest .mergerfs
[trapexit:/mnt/mergerfs] $ getfattr -n user.mergerfs.category.search .mergerfs
user.mergerfs.category.search="newest"
file / directory xattrs
While they won't show up when using getfattr
mergerfs offers a
number of special xattrs to query information about the files
served. To access the values you will need to issue a
getxattr for one of the
following:
- user.mergerfs.basepath: the base mount point for the file given the current getattr policy
- user.mergerfs.relpath: the relative path of the file from the perspective of the mount point
- user.mergerfs.fullpath: the full path of the original file given the getattr policy
- user.mergerfs.allpaths: a NUL ('\0') separated list of full paths to all files found
SIGNALS
- USR1: This will cause mergerfs to send invalidation notifications to the kernel for all files. This will cause all unused files to be released from memory.
- USR2: Trigger a general cleanup of currently unused memory. A more thorough version of what happens every ~15 minutes.
IOCTLS
Found in fuse_ioctl.cpp
:
typedef char IOCTL_BUF[4096];
#define IOCTL_APP_TYPE 0xDF
#define IOCTL_FILE_INFO _IOWR(IOCTL_APP_TYPE,0,IOCTL_BUF)
#define IOCTL_GC _IO(IOCTL_APP_TYPE,1)
#define IOCTL_GC1 _IO(IOCTL_APP_TYPE,2)
#define IOCTL_INVALIDATE_ALL_NODES _IO(IOCTL_APP_TYPE,3)
- IOCTL_FILE_INFO: Same as the "file / directory xattrs" mentioned above. Use a buffer size of 4096 bytes. Pass in a string of "basepath", "relpath", "fullpath", or "allpaths". Receive details in same buffer.
- IOCTL_GC: Triggers a thorough garbage collection of excess memory. Same as SIGUSR2.
- IOCTL_GC1: Triggers a simple garbage collection of excess memory. Same as what happens every 15 minutes normally.
- IOCTL_INVALIDATE_ALL_NODES: Same as SIGUSR1. Send invalidation notifications to the kernel for all files causing unused files to be released from memory.
TOOLING
preload.so
EXPERIMENTAL
For some time there has been work to enable passthrough IO in FUSE. Passthrough IO would allow for near native performance with regards to reads and writes (at the expense of certain mergerfs features.) However, there have been several complications which have kept the feature from making it into the mainline Linux kernel. Until that feature is available there are two methods to provide similar functionality. One method is using the LD_PRELOAD feature of the dynamic linker. The other leveraging ptrace to intercept syscalls. Each has their disadvantages. At the moment only a preload based tool is available. A ptrace based tool may be developed later if there is a need.
/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so
This preloadable
library
overrides the creation and opening of files in order to simulate
passthrough file IO. It catches the open/creat/fopen calls, has
mergerfs do the call, queries mergerfs for the branch the file exists
on, reopens the file on the underlying filesystem and returns that
instead. Meaning that you will get native read/write performance
because mergerfs is no longer part of the workflow. Keep in mind that
this also means certain mergerfs features that work by interrupting
the read/write workflow, such as moveonenospc
, will no longer work.
Also, understand that this will only work on dynamically linked software. Anything statically compiled will not work. Many GoLang and Rust apps are statically compiled.
The library will not interfere with non-mergerfs filesystems. The library is written to always fallback to returning the mergerfs opened file on error.
While the library was written to account for a number of edgecases there could be some yet accounted for so please report any oddities.
Thank you to nohajc for prototyping the idea.
general usage
LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so touch /mnt/mergerfs/filename
Docker usage
Assume /mnt/fs0
and /mnt/fs1
are pooled with mergerfs at /media
.
All mergerfs branch paths must be bind mounted into the container at the same path as found on the host so the preload library can see them.
docker run \
-e LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so \
-v /usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:ro \
-v /media:/data \
-v /mnt:/mnt \
ubuntu:latest \
bash
or more explicitly
docker run \
-e LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so \
-v /usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so:ro \
-v /media:/data \
-v /mnt/fs0:/mnt/fs0 \
-v /mnt/fs1:/mnt/fs1 \
ubuntu:latest \
bash
systemd unit
Use the Environment
option to set the LD_PRELOAD variable.
- https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd.service.html#Command%20lines
- https://serverfault.com/questions/413397/how-to-set-environment-variable-in-systemd-service
[Service]
Environment=LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/mergerfs/preload.so
Misc
- https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs-tools
- mergerfs.ctl: A tool to make it easier to query and configure mergerfs at runtime
- mergerfs.fsck: Provides permissions and ownership auditing and the ability to fix them
- mergerfs.dedup: Will help identify and optionally remove duplicate files
- mergerfs.dup: Ensure there are at least N copies of a file across the pool
- mergerfs.balance: Rebalance files across filesystems by moving them from the most filled to the least filled
- mergerfs.consolidate: move files within a single mergerfs directory to the filesystem with most free space
- https://github.com/trapexit/scorch
- scorch: A tool to help discover silent corruption of files and keep track of files
- https://github.com/trapexit/bbf
- bbf (bad block finder): a tool to scan for and 'fix' hard drive bad blocks and find the files using those blocks
CACHING
page caching
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_cache
- cache.files=off: Disables page caching. Underlying files cached, mergerfs files are not.
- cache.files=partial: Enables page caching. Underlying files cached, mergerfs files cached while open.
- cache.files=full: Enables page caching. Underlying files cached, mergerfs files cached across opens.
- cache.files=auto-full: Enables page caching. Underlying files cached, mergerfs files cached across opens if mtime and size are unchanged since previous open.
- cache.files=libfuse: follow traditional libfuse
direct_io
,kernel_cache
, andauto_cache
arguments. - cache.files=per-process: Enable page caching (equivalent to
cache.files=partial
) only for processes whose 'comm' name matches one of the values defined incache.files.process-names
. If the name does not match the file open is equivalent tocache.files=off
.
FUSE, which mergerfs uses, offers a number of page caching modes. mergerfs tries to simplify their use via the cache.files
option. It can and should replace usage of direct_io
,
kernel_cache
, and auto_cache
.
Due to mergerfs using FUSE and therefore being a userland process
proxying existing filesystems the kernel will double cache the content
being read and written through mergerfs. Once from the underlying
filesystem and once from mergerfs (it sees them as two separate
entities). Using cache.files=off
will keep the double caching from
happening by disabling caching of mergerfs but this has the side
effect that all read and write calls will be passed to mergerfs
which may be slower than enabling caching, you lose shared mmap
support which can affect apps such as rtorrent, and no read-ahead will
take place. The kernel will still cache the underlying filesystem data
but that only helps so much given mergerfs will still process all
requests.
If you do enable file page caching,
cache.files=partial|full|auto-full
, you should also enable
dropcacheonclose
which will cause mergerfs to instruct the kernel to
flush the underlying file's page cache when the file is closed. This
behavior is the same as the rsync fadvise / drop cache patch and Feh's
nocache project.
If most files are read once through and closed (like media) it is best
to enable dropcacheonclose
regardless of caching mode in order to
minimize buffer bloat.
It is difficult to balance memory usage, cache bloat & duplication, and performance. Ideally, mergerfs would be able to disable caching for the files it reads/writes but allow page caching for itself. That would limit the FUSE overhead. However, there isn't a good way to achieve this. It would need to open all files with O_DIRECT which places limitations on what the underlying filesystems would be supported and complicates the code.
kernel documentation: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/fuse-io.txt
entry & attribute caching
Given the relatively high cost of FUSE due to the kernel <-> userspace
round trips there are kernel side caches for file entries and
attributes. The entry cache limits the lookup
calls to mergerfs
which ask if a file exists. The attribute cache limits the need to
make getattr
calls to mergerfs which provide file attributes (mode,
size, type, etc.). As with the page cache these should not be used if
the underlying filesystems are being manipulated at the same time as
it could lead to odd behavior or data corruption. The options for
setting these are cache.entry
and cache.negative_entry
for the
entry cache and cache.attr
for the attributes
cache. cache.negative_entry
refers to the timeout for negative
responses to lookups (non-existent files).
writeback caching
When cache.files
is enabled the default is for it to perform
writethrough caching. This behavior won't help improve performance as
each write still goes one for one through the filesystem. By enabling
the FUSE writeback cache small writes may be aggregated by the kernel
and then sent to mergerfs as one larger request. This can greatly
improve the throughput for apps which write to files
inefficiently. The amount the kernel can aggregate is limited by the
size of a FUSE message. Read the fuse_msg_size
section for more
details.
There is a small side effect as a result of enabling writeback caching. Underlying files won't ever be opened with O_APPEND or O_WRONLY. The former because the kernel then manages append mode and the latter because the kernel may request file data from mergerfs to populate the write cache. The O_APPEND change means that if a file is changed outside of mergerfs it could lead to corruption as the kernel won't know the end of the file has changed. That said any time you use caching you should keep from using the same file outside of mergerfs at the same time.
Note that if an application is properly sizing writes then writeback caching will have little or no effect. It will only help with writes of sizes below the FUSE message size (128K on older kernels, 1M on newer).
statfs caching
Of the syscalls used by mergerfs in policies the statfs
/ statvfs
call is perhaps the most expensive. It's used to find out the
available space of a filesystem and whether it is mounted
read-only. Depending on the setup and usage pattern these queries can
be relatively costly. When cache.statfs
is enabled all calls to
statfs
by a policy will be cached for the number of seconds its set
to.
Example: If the create policy is mfs
and the timeout is 60 then for
that 60 seconds the same filesystem will be returned as the target for
creates because the available space won't be updated for that time.
symlink caching
As of version 4.20 Linux supports symlink caching. Significant
performance increases can be had in workloads which use a lot of
symlinks. Setting cache.symlinks=true
will result in requesting
symlink caching from the kernel only if supported. As a result it's
safe to enable it on systems prior to 4.20. That said it is disabled
by default for now. You can see if caching is enabled by querying the
xattr user.mergerfs.cache.symlinks
but given it must be requested at
startup you can not change it at runtime.
readdir caching
As of version 4.20 Linux supports readdir caching. This can have a
significant impact on directory traversal. Especially when combined
with entry (cache.entry
) and attribute (cache.attr
)
caching. Setting cache.readdir=true
will result in requesting
readdir caching from the kernel on each opendir
. If the kernel
doesn't support readdir caching setting the option to true
has no
effect. This option is configurable at runtime via xattr
user.mergerfs.cache.readdir
.
tiered caching
Some storage technologies support what some call "tiered" caching. The placing of usually smaller, faster storage as a transparent cache to larger, slower storage. NVMe, SSD, Optane in front of traditional HDDs for instance.
mergerfs does not natively support any sort of tiered caching. Most users have no use for such a feature and its inclusion would complicate the code. However, there are a few situations where a cache filesystem could help with a typical mergerfs setup.
- Fast network, slow filesystems, many readers: You've a 10+Gbps network with many readers and your regular filesystems can't keep up.
- Fast network, slow filesystems, small'ish bursty writes: You have a 10+Gbps network and wish to transfer amounts of data less than your cache filesystem but wish to do so quickly.
With #1 it's arguable if you should be using mergerfs at all. RAID
would probably be the better solution. If you're going to use mergerfs
there are other tactics that may help: spreading the data across
filesystems (see the mergerfs.dup tool) and setting func.open=rand
,
using symlinkify
, or using dm-cache or a similar technology to add
tiered cache to the underlying device.
With #2 one could use dm-cache as well but there is another solution which requires only mergerfs and a cronjob.
- Create 2 mergerfs pools. One which includes just the slow devices and one which has both the fast devices (SSD,NVME,etc.) and slow devices.
- The 'cache' pool should have the cache filesystems listed first.
- The best
create
policies to use for the 'cache' pool would probably beff
,epff
,lfs
, oreplfs
. The latter two under the assumption that the cache filesystem(s) are far smaller than the backing filesystems. If using path preserving policies remember that you'll need to manually create the core directories of those paths you wish to be cached. Be sure the permissions are in sync. Usemergerfs.fsck
to check / correct them. You could also set the slow filesystems mode toNC
though that'd mean if the cache filesystems fill you'd get "out of space" errors. - Enable
moveonenospc
and setminfreespace
appropriately. To make sure there is enough room on the "slow" pool you might want to setminfreespace
to at least as large as the size of the largest cache filesystem if not larger. This way in the worst case the whole of the cache filesystem(s) can be moved to the other drives. - Set your programs to use the cache pool.
- Save one of the below scripts or create you're own.
- Use
cron
(as root) to schedule the command at whatever frequency is appropriate for your workflow.
time based expiring
Move files from cache to backing pool based only on the last time the
file was accessed. Replace -atime
with -amin
if you want minutes
rather than days. May want to use the fadvise
/ --drop-cache
version of rsync or run rsync with the tool "nocache".
NOTE: The arguments to these scripts include the cache filesystem itself. Not the pool with the cache filesystem. You could have data loss if the source is the cache pool.
percentage full expiring
Move the oldest file from the cache to the backing pool. Continue till below percentage threshold.
NOTE: The arguments to these scripts include the cache filesystem itself. Not the pool with the cache filesystem. You could have data loss if the source is the cache pool.
PERFORMANCE
mergerfs is at its core just a proxy and therefore its theoretical max performance is that of the underlying devices. However, given it is a FUSE filesystem working from userspace there is an increase in overhead relative to kernel based solutions. That said the performance can match the theoretical max but it depends greatly on the system's configuration. Especially when adding network filesystems into the mix there are many variables which can impact performance. Device speeds and latency, network speeds and latency, general concurrency, read/write sizes, etc. Unfortunately, given the number of variables it has been difficult to find a single set of settings which provide optimal performance. If you're having performance issues please look over the suggestions below (including the benchmarking section.)
NOTE: be sure to read about these features before changing them to understand what behaviors it may impact
- disable
security_capability
and/orxattr
- increase cache timeouts
cache.attr
,cache.entry
,cache.negative_entry
- enable (or disable) page caching (
cache.files
) - enable
parallel-direct-writes
- enable
cache.writeback
- enable
cache.statfs
- enable
cache.symlinks
- enable
cache.readdir
- change the number of worker threads
- disable
posix_acl
- disable
async_read
- test theoretical performance using
nullrw
or mounting a ram disk - use
symlinkify
if your data is largely static and read-only - use tiered cache devices
- use LVM and LVM cache to place a SSD in front of your HDDs
- increase readahead:
readahead=1024
If you come across a setting that significantly impacts performance
please contact trapexit so he may investigate further. Please test
both against your normal setup, a singular branch, and with
nullrw=true
BENCHMARKING
Filesystems are complicated. They do many things and many of those are interconnected. Additionally, the OS, drivers, hardware, etc. can all impact performance. Therefore, when benchmarking, it is necessary that the test focuses as narrowly as possible.
For most throughput is the key benchmark. To test throughput dd
is
useful but must be used with the correct settings in order to
ensure the filesystem or device is actually being tested. The OS can
and will cache data. Without forcing synchronous reads and writes
and/or disabling caching the values returned will not be
representative of the device's true performance.
When benchmarking through mergerfs ensure you only use 1 branch to remove any possibility of the policies complicating the situation. Benchmark the underlying filesystem first and then mount mergerfs over it and test again. If you're experiencing speeds below your expectation you will need to narrow down precisely which component is leading to the slowdown. Preferably test the following in the order listed (but not combined).
- Enable
nullrw
mode withnullrw=true
. This will effectively make reads and writes no-ops. Removing the underlying device / filesystem from the equation. This will give us the top theoretical speeds. - Mount mergerfs over
tmpfs
.tmpfs
is a RAM disk. Extremely high speed and very low latency. This is a more realistic best case scenario. Example:mount -t tmpfs -o size=2G tmpfs /tmp/tmpfs
- Mount mergerfs over a local device. NVMe, SSD, HDD, etc. If you have more than one I'd suggest testing each of them as drives and/or controllers (their drivers) could impact performance.
- Finally, if you intend to use mergerfs with a network filesystem, either as the source of data or to combine with another through mergerfs, test each of those alone as above.
Once you find the component which has the performance issue you can do
further testing with different options to see if they impact
performance. For reads and writes the most relevant would be:
cache.files
, async_read
. Less likely but relevant when using NFS
or with certain filesystems would be security_capability
, xattr
,
and posix_acl
. If you find a specific system, device, filesystem,
controller, etc. that performs poorly contact trapexit so he may
investigate further.
Sometimes the problem is really the application accessing or writing
data through mergerfs. Some software use small buffer sizes which can
lead to more requests and therefore greater overhead. You can test
this out yourself by replacing bs=1M
in the examples below with ibs
or obs
and using a size of 512
instead of 1M
. In one example
test using nullrw
the write speed dropped from 4.9GB/s to 69.7MB/s
when moving from 1M
to 512
. Similar results were had when testing
reads. Small writes overhead may be improved by leveraging a write
cache but in casual tests little gain was found. More tests will need
to be done before this feature would become available. If you have an
app that appears slow with mergerfs it could be due to this. Contact
trapexit so he may investigate further.
write benchmark
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/mergerfs/1GB.file bs=1M count=1024 oflag=nocache conv=fdatasync status=progress
read benchmark
$ dd if=/mnt/mergerfs/1GB.file of=/dev/null bs=1M count=1024 iflag=nocache conv=fdatasync status=progress
other benchmarks
If you are attempting to benchmark other behaviors you must ensure you clear kernel caches before runs. In fact it would be a good deal to run before the read and write benchmarks as well just in case.
sync
echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
TIPS / NOTES
- This document is literal and thorough. If a suspected feature isn't mentioned it doesn't exist. If certain libfuse arguments aren't listed they probably shouldn't be used.
- Ensure you're using the latest version.
- Run mergerfs as
root
. mergerfs is designed and intended to be run asroot
and may exibit incorrect behavior if run otherwise.. - If you don't see some directories and files you expect, policies
seem to skip branches, you get strange permission errors, etc. be
sure the underlying filesystems' permissions are all the same. Use
mergerfs.fsck
to audit the filesystem for out of sync permissions. - If you still have permission issues be sure you are using POSIX ACL compliant filesystems. mergerfs doesn't generally make exceptions for FAT, NTFS, or other non-POSIX filesystem.
- Do not use
cache.files=off
if you expect applications (such as rtorrent) to use mmap files. Shared mmap is not currently supported in FUSE w/ page caching disabled. Enablingdropcacheonclose
is recommended whencache.files=partial|full|auto-full
. - Kodi, Plex, Subsonic, etc. can use directory mtime to more efficiently determine whether to scan for new content rather than simply performing a full scan. If using the default getattr policy of ff it's possible those programs will miss an update on account of it returning the first directory found's stat info and it's a later directory on another mount which had the mtime recently updated. To fix this you will want to set func.getattr=newest. Remember though that this is just stat. If the file is later open'ed or unlink'ed and the policy is different for those then a completely different file or directory could be acted on.
- Some policies mixed with some functions may result in strange behaviors. Not that some of these behaviors and race conditions couldn't happen outside mergerfs but that they are far more likely to occur on account of the attempt to merge multiple sources of data which could be out of sync due to the different policies.
- For consistency it's generally best to set category wide policies rather than individual func's. This will help limit the confusion of tools such as rsync. However, the flexibility is there if needed.
KNOWN ISSUES / BUGS
kernel issues & bugs
https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/wiki/Kernel-Issues-&-Bugs
directory mtime is not being updated
Remember that the default policy for getattr
is ff
. The
information for the first directory found will be returned. If it
wasn't the directory which had been updated then it will appear
outdated.
The reason this is the default is because any other policy would be more expensive and for many applications it is unnecessary. To always return the directory with the most recent mtime or a faked value based on all found would require a scan of all filesystems.
If you always want the directory information from the one with the
most recent mtime then use the newest
policy for getattr
.
'mv /mnt/pool/foo /mnt/disk1/foo' removes 'foo'
This is not a bug.
Run in verbose mode to better understand what's happening:
$ mv -v /mnt/pool/foo /mnt/disk1/foo
copied '/mnt/pool/foo' -> '/mnt/disk1/foo'
removed '/mnt/pool/foo'
$ ls /mnt/pool/foo
ls: cannot access '/mnt/pool/foo': No such file or directory
mv
, when working across devices, is copying the source to target and
then removing the source. Since the source is the target in this
case, depending on the unlink policy, it will remove the just copied
file and other files across the branches.
If you want to move files to one filesystem just copy them there and use mergerfs.dedup to clean up the old paths or manually remove them from the branches directly.
cached memory appears greater than it should be
Use cache.files=off
and/or dropcacheonclose=true
. See the section
on page caching.
NFS clients returning ESTALE / Stale file handle
NFS generally does not like out of band changes. Take a look at the section on NFS in the #remote-filesystems for more details.
rtorrent fails with ENODEV (No such device)
Be sure to set
cache.files=partial|full|auto-full|per-processe
. rtorrent and some
other applications use mmap to read
and write to files and offer no fallback to traditional methods. FUSE
does not currently support mmap while using direct_io
. There may be
a performance penalty on writes with direct_io
off as well as the
problem of double caching but it's the only way to get such
applications to work. If the performance loss is too high for other
apps you can mount mergerfs twice. Once with direct_io
enabled and
one without it. Be sure to set dropcacheonclose=true
if not using
direct_io
.
Plex doesn't work with mergerfs
It does. If you're trying to put Plex's config / metadata / database
on mergerfs you can't set cache.files=off
because Plex is using
sqlite3 with mmap enabled. Shared mmap is not supported by Linux's
FUSE implementation when page caching is disabled. To fix this place
the data elsewhere (preferable) or enable cache.files
(with
dropcacheonclose=true
). Sqlite3 does not need mmap but the developer
needs to fall back to standard IO if mmap fails.
This applies to other software: Radarr, Sonarr, Lidarr, Jellyfin, etc.
I would recommend reaching out to the developers of the software you're having troubles with and asking them to add a fallback to regular file IO when mmap is unavailable.
If the issue is that scanning doesn't seem to pick up media then be
sure to set func.getattr=newest
, though generally, a full scan will
pick up all media anyway.
When a program tries to move or rename a file it fails
Please read the section above regarding rename & link.
The problem is that many applications do not properly handle EXDEV
errors which rename
and link
may return even though they are
perfectly valid situations which do not indicate actual device,
filesystem, or OS errors. The error will only be returned by mergerfs
if using a path preserving policy as described in the policy section
above. If you do not care about path preservation simply change the
mergerfs policy to the non-path preserving version. For example: -o category.create=mfs
Ideally the offending software would be fixed and
it is recommended that if you run into this problem you contact the
software's author and request proper handling of EXDEV
errors.
my 32bit software has problems
Some software have problems with 64bit inode values. The symptoms can
include EOVERFLOW errors when trying to list files. You can address
this by setting inodecalc
to one of the 32bit based algos as
described in the relevant section.
Samba: Moving files / directories fails
Workaround: Copy the file/directory and then remove the original rather than move.
This isn't an issue with Samba but some SMB clients. GVFS-fuse v1.20.3 and prior (found in Ubuntu 14.04 among others) failed to handle certain error codes correctly. Particularly STATUS_NOT_SAME_DEVICE which comes from the EXDEV which is returned by rename when the call is crossing mount points. When a program gets an EXDEV it needs to explicitly take an alternate action to accomplish its goal. In the case of mv or similar it tries rename and on EXDEV falls back to a manual copying of data between the two locations and unlinking the source. In these older versions of GVFS-fuse if it received EXDEV it would translate that into EIO. This would cause mv or most any application attempting to move files around on that SMB share to fail with a IO error.
GVFS-fuse v1.22.0
and above fixed this issue but a large number of systems use the older
release. On Ubuntu, the version can be checked by issuing apt-cache showpkg gvfs-fuse
. Most distros released in 2015 seem to have the
updated release and will work fine but older systems may
not. Upgrading gvfs-fuse or the distro in general will address the
problem.
In Apple's MacOSX 10.9 they replaced Samba (client and server) with their own product. It appears their new client does not handle EXDEV either and responds similarly to older releases of gvfs on Linux.
Trashing files occasionally fails
This is the same issue as with Samba. rename
returns EXDEV
(in our
case that will really only happen with path preserving policies like
epmfs
) and the software doesn't handle the situation well. This is
unfortunately a common failure of software which moves files
around. The standard indicates that an implementation MAY
choose to
support non-user home directory trashing of files (which is a
MUST
). The implementation MAY
also support "top directory trashes"
which many probably do.
To create a $topdir/.Trash
directory as defined in the standard use
the mergerfs-tools tool
mergerfs.mktrash
.
Supplemental user groups
Due to the overhead of getgroups/setgroups mergerfs utilizes a cache. This cache is opportunistic and per thread. Each thread will query the supplemental groups for a user when that particular thread needs to change credentials and will keep that data for the lifetime of the thread. This means that if a user is added to a group it may not be picked up without the restart of mergerfs. However, since the high level FUSE API's (at least the standard version) thread pool dynamically grows and shrinks it's possible that over time a thread will be killed and later a new thread with no cache will start and query the new data.
The gid cache uses fixed storage to simplify the design and be
compatible with older systems which may not have C++11
compilers. There is enough storage for 256 users' supplemental
groups. Each user is allowed up to 32 supplemental groups. Linux >=
2.6.3 allows up to 65535 groups per user but most other *nixs allow
far less. NFS allows only 16. The system does handle overflow
gracefully. If the user has more than 32 supplemental groups only the
first 32 will be used. If more than 256 users are using the system
when an uncached user is found it will evict an existing user's cache
at random. So long as there aren't more than 256 active users this
should be fine. If either value is too low for your needs you will
have to modify gidcache.hpp
to increase the values. Note that doing
so will increase the memory needed by each thread.
While not a bug some users have found when using containers that supplemental groups defined inside the container don't work properly with regard to permissions. This is expected as mergerfs lives outside the container and therefore is querying the host's group database. There might be a hack to work around this (make mergerfs read the /etc/group file in the container) but it is not yet implemented and would be limited to Linux and the /etc/group DB. Preferably users would mount in the host group file into the containers or use a standard shared user & groups technology like NIS or LDAP.
Remote Filesystems
Many users ask about compatibility with remote filesystems. This section is to describe any known issues or quirks when using mergerfs with common remote filesystems.
Keep in mind that, like with caching, it is not a good idea to change the contents of the remote filesystem out-of-band. Meaning that you really shouldn't change the contents of the underlying filesystems or mergerfs on the server hosting the remote filesystem. Doing so can lead to weird behavior, inconsistency, errors, and even data corruption should multiple programs try to write or read the same data at the same time. This isn't to say you can't do it or that data corruption is likely but it could happen. It is better to always use the remote filesystem. Even on the machine serving it.
NFS
NFS is a common remote filesystem on Unix/POSIX systems. Due to how NFS works there are some settings which need to be set in order for mergerfs to work with it.
It should be noted that NFS and FUSE (the technology mergerfs uses) do not work perfectly with one another due to certain design choices in FUSE (and mergerfs.) Due to these issues, it is generally recommended to use SMB when possible till situations change. That said mergerfs should generally work as an export of NFS and issues discovered should still be reported.
To ensure compatibility between mergerfs and NFS use the following settings.
mergerfs settings:
- noforget
- inodecalc=path-hash
NFS export settings:
- fsid=UUID
- no_root_squash
noforget
is needed because NFS uses the name_to_handle_at
and
open_by_handle_at
functions which allow a program to keep a
reference to a file without technically having it open in the typical
sense. The problem is that FUSE has no way to know that NFS has a
handle that it will later use to open the file again. As a result, it
is possible for the kernel to tell mergerfs to forget about the node
and should NFS ever ask for that node's details in the future it would
have nothing to respond with. Keeping nodes around forever is not
ideal but at the moment the only way to manage the situation.
inodecalc=path-hash
is needed because NFS is sensitive to
out-of-band changes. FUSE doesn't care if a file's inode value changes
but NFS, being stateful, does. So if you used the default inode
calculation algorithm then it is possible that if you changed a file
or updated a directory the file mergerfs will use will be on a
different branch and therefore the inode would change. This isn't an
ideal solution and others are being considered but it works for most
situations.
fsid=UUID
is needed because FUSE filesystems don't have different
st_dev
values which can cause issues when exporting. The easiest
thing to do is set each mergerfs export fsid
to some random
value. An easy way to generate a random value is to use the command
line tool uuid
or uuidgen
or through a website such as
uuidgenerator.net.
no_root_squash
is not strictly necessary but can lead to confusing
permission and ownership issues if root squashing is enabled.
SMB / CIFS
SMB is a protocol most used by Microsoft Windows systems to share file shares, printers, etc. However, due to the popularity of Windows, it is also supported on many other platforms including Linux. The most popular way of supporting SMB on Linux is via the software Samba.
Samba, and other ways of serving Linux filesystems, via SMB should work fine with mergerfs. The services do not tend to use the same technologies which NFS uses and therefore don't have the same issues. There should not be special settings required to use mergerfs with Samba. However, CIFSD and other programs have not been extensively tested. If you use mergerfs with CIFSD or other SMB servers please submit your experiences so these docs can be updated.
SSHFS
SSHFS is a FUSE filesystem leveraging SSH as the connection and transport layer. While often simpler to setup when compared to NFS or Samba the performance can be lacking and the project is very much in maintenance mode.
There are no known issues using sshfs with mergerfs. You may want to use the following arguments to improve performance but your millage may vary.
-o Ciphers=arcfour
-o Compression=no
More info can be found here.
Other
There are other remote filesystems but none popularly used to serve mergerfs. If you use something not listed above feel free to reach out and I will add it to the list.
FAQ
How well does mergerfs scale? Is it "production ready?"
Users have reported running mergerfs on everything from a Raspberry Pi to dual socket Xeon systems with >20 cores. I'm aware of at least a few companies which use mergerfs in production. Open Media Vault includes mergerfs as its sole solution for pooling filesystems. The author of mergerfs had it running for over 300 days managing 16+ devices with reasonably heavy 24/7 read and write usage. Stopping only after the machine's power supply died.
Most serious issues (crashes or data corruption) have been due to kernel bugs. All of which are fixed in stable releases.
Can mergerfs be used with filesystems which already have data / are in use?
Yes. mergerfs is really just a proxy and does NOT interfere with the normal form or function of the filesystems / mounts / paths it manages. It is just another userland application that is acting as a man-in-the-middle. It can't do anything that any other random piece of software can't do.
mergerfs is not a traditional filesystem that takes control over the underlying block device. mergerfs is not RAID. It does not manipulate the data that passes through it. It does not shard data across filesystems. It merely shards some behavior and aggregates others.
Can drives/filesystems be removed from the pool at will?
Yes. See previous question's answer.
Can mergerfs be removed without affecting the data?
Yes. See the previous question's answer.
Can drives/filesystems be moved to another pool?
Yes. See the previous question's answer.
How do I migrate data into or out of the pool when adding/removing drives/filesystems?
You don't need to. See the previous question's answer.
How do I remove a drive/filesystem but keep the data in the pool?
Nothing special needs to be done. Remove the branch from mergerfs' config and copy (rsync) the data from the removed filesystem into the pool. Effectively the same as if it were you transfering data from one filesystem to another.
If you wish to continue using the pool while performing the transfer
simply create another, temporary pool without the filesystem in
question and then copy the data. It would probably be a good idea to
set the branch to RO
prior to doing this to ensure no new content is
written to the filesystem while performing the copy.
What policies should I use?
Unless you're doing something more niche the average user is probably
best off using mfs
for category.create
. It will spread files out
across your branches based on available space. Use mspmfs
if you
want to try to colocate the data a bit more. You may want to use lus
if you prefer a slightly different distribution of data if you have a
mix of smaller and larger filesystems. Generally though mfs
, lus
,
or even rand
are good for the general use case. If you are starting
with an imbalanced pool you can use the tool mergerfs.balance to
redistribute files across the pool.
If you really wish to try to colocate files based on directory you can
set func.create
to epmfs
or similar and func.mkdir
to rand
or
eprand
depending on if you just want to colocate generally or on
specific branches. Either way the need to colocate is rare. For
instance: if you wish to remove the device regularly and want the data
to predictably be on that device or if you don't use backup at all and
don't wish to replace that data piecemeal. In which case using path
preservation can help but will require some manual
attention. Colocating after the fact can be accomplished using the
mergerfs.consolidate tool. If you don't need strict colocation
which the ep
policies provide then you can use the msp
based
policies which will walk back the path till finding a branch that
works.
Ultimately there is no correct answer. It is a preference or based on some particular need. mergerfs is very easy to test and experiment with. I suggest creating a test setup and experimenting to get a sense of what you want.
epmfs
is the default category.create
policy because ep
policies
are not going to change the general layout of the branches. It won't
place files/dirs on branches that don't already have the relative
branch. So it keeps the system in a known state. It's much easier to
stop using epmfs
or redistribute files around the filesystem than it
is to consolidate them back.
What settings should I use?
Depends on what features you want. Generally speaking, there are no "wrong" settings. All settings are performance or feature related. The best bet is to read over the available options and choose what fits your situation. If something isn't clear from the documentation please reach out and the documentation will be improved.
That said, for the average person, the following should be fine:
cache.files=off,dropcacheonclose=true,category.create=mfs
Why are all my files ending up on 1 filesystem?!
Did you start with empty filesystems? Did you explicitly configure a
category.create
policy? Are you using an existing path
/ path preserving
policy?
The default create policy is epmfs
. That is a path preserving
algorithm. With such a policy for mkdir
and create
with a set of
empty filesystems it will select only 1 filesystem when the first
directory is created. Anything, files or directories, created in that
first directory will be placed on the same branch because it is
preserving paths.
This catches a lot of new users off guard but changing the default
would break the setup for many existing users and this policy is the
safest policy as it will not change the general layout of the existing
filesystems. If you do not care about path preservation and wish your
files to be spread across all your filesystems change to mfs
or
similar policy as described above. If you do want path preservation
you'll need to perform the manual act of creating paths on the
filesystems you want the data to land on before transferring your
data. Setting func.mkdir=epall
can simplify managing path
preservation for create
. Or use func.mkdir=rand
if you're
interested in just grouping directory content by filesystem.
Do hardlinks work?
Yes. See also the option inodecalc
for how inode values are
calculated.
What mergerfs does not do is fake hard links across branches. Read the section "rename & link" for how it works.
Remember that hardlinks will NOT work across devices. That includes between the original filesystem and a mergerfs pool, between two separate pools of the same underlying filesystems, or bind mounts of paths within the mergerfs pool. The latter is common when using Docker or Podman. Multiple volumes (bind mounts) to the same underlying filesystem are considered different devices. There is no way to link between them. You should mount in the highest directory in the mergerfs pool that includes all the paths you need if you want links to work.
Does FICLONE or FICLONERANGE work?
Unfortunately not. FUSE, the technology mergerfs is based on, does not
support the clone_file_range
feature needed for it to work. mergerfs
won't even know such a request is made. The kernel will simply return
an error back to the application making the request.
Should FUSE gain the ability mergerfs will be updated to support it.
Can I use mergerfs without SnapRAID? SnapRAID without mergerfs?
Yes. They are completely unrelated pieces of software.
Can mergerfs run via Docker, Podman, Kubernetes, etc.
Yes. With Docker you'll need to include --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN --device=/dev/fuse --security-opt=apparmor:unconfined
or similar with
other container runtimes. You should also be running it as root or
given sufficient caps to change user and group identity as well as
have root like filesystem permissions.
Keep in mind that you MUST consider identity when using containers. For example: supplemental groups will be picked up from the container unless you properly manage users and groups by sharing relevant /etc files or by using some other means to share identity across containers. Similarly, if you use "rootless" containers and user namespaces to do uid/gid translations you MUST consider that while managing shared files.
Also, as mentioned by hotio,
with Docker you should probably be mounting with bind-propagation
set to slave
.
Does mergerfs support CoW / copy-on-write / writes to read-only filesystems?
Not in the sense of a filesystem like BTRFS or ZFS nor in the overlayfs or aufs sense. It does offer a cow-shell like hard link breaking (copy to temp file then rename over original) which can be useful when wanting to save space by hardlinking duplicate files but wish to treat each name as if it were a unique and separate file.
If you want to write to a read-only filesystem you should look at overlayfs. You can always include the overlayfs mount into a mergerfs pool.
Why can't I see my files / directories?
It's almost always a permissions issue. Unlike mhddfs and unionfs-fuse, which runs as root and attempts to access content as such, mergerfs always changes its credentials to that of the caller. This means that if the user does not have access to a file or directory than neither will mergerfs. However, because mergerfs is creating a union of paths it may be able to read some files and directories on one filesystem but not another resulting in an incomplete set.
Whenever you run into a split permission issue (seeing some but not
all files) try using
mergerfs.fsck tool to
check for and fix the mismatch. If you aren't seeing anything at all
be sure that the basic permissions are correct. The user and group
values are correct and that directories have their executable bit
set. A common mistake by users new to Linux is to chmod -R 644
when
they should have chmod -R u=rwX,go=rX
.
If using a network filesystem such as NFS or SMB (Samba) be sure to pay close attention to anything regarding permissioning and users. Root squashing and user translation for instance has bitten a few mergerfs users. Some of these also affect the use of mergerfs from container platforms such as Docker.
Why use FUSE? Why not a kernel based solution?
As with any solution to a problem, there are advantages and disadvantages to each one.
A FUSE based solution has all the downsides of FUSE:
- Higher IO latency due to the trips in and out of kernel space
- Higher general overhead due to trips in and out of kernel space
- Double caching when using page caching
- Misc limitations due to FUSE's design
But FUSE also has a lot of upsides:
- Easier to offer a cross platform solution
- Easier forward and backward compatibility
- Easier updates for users
- Easier and faster release cadence
- Allows more flexibility in design and features
- Overall easier to write, secure, and maintain
- Much lower barrier to entry (getting code into the kernel takes a lot of time and effort initially)
FUSE was chosen because of all the advantages listed above. The negatives of FUSE do not outweigh the positives.
Is my OS's libfuse needed for mergerfs to work?
No. Normally mount.fuse
is needed to get mergerfs (or any FUSE
filesystem to mount using the mount
command but in vendoring the
libfuse library the mount.fuse
app has been renamed to
mount.mergerfs
meaning the filesystem type in fstab
can simply be
mergerfs
. That said there should be no harm in having it installed
and continuing to using fuse.mergerfs
as the type in /etc/fstab
.
If mergerfs
doesn't work as a type it could be due to how the
mount.mergerfs
tool was installed. Must be in /sbin/
with proper
permissions.
Why was splice support removed?
After a lot of testing over the years, splicing always appeared to at best, provide equivalent performance, and in some cases, worse performance. Splice is not supported on other platforms forcing a traditional read/write fallback to be provided. The splice code was removed to simplify the codebase.
What should mergerfs NOT be used for?
- databases: Even if the database stored data in separate files (mergerfs wouldn't offer much otherwise) the higher latency of the indirection will kill performance. If it is a lightly used SQLITE database then it may be fine but you'll need to test.
- VM images: For the same reasons as databases. VM images are accessed very aggressively and mergerfs will introduce too much latency (if it works at all).
- As replacement for RAID: mergerfs is just for pooling branches. If you need that kind of device performance aggregation or high availability you should stick with RAID.
Can filesystems be written to directly? Outside of mergerfs while pooled?
Yes, however, it's not recommended to use the same file from within the pool and from without at the same time (particularly writing). Especially if using caching of any kind (cache.files, cache.entry, cache.attr, cache.negative_entry, cache.symlinks, cache.readdir, etc.) as there could be a conflict between cached data and not.
Why do I get an "out of space" / "no space left on device" / ENOSPC error even though there appears to be lots of space available?
First make sure you've read the sections above about policies, path preservation, branch filtering, and the options minfreespace, moveonenospc, statfs, and statfs_ignore.
mergerfs is simply presenting a union of the content within multiple branches. The reported free space is an aggregate of space available within the pool (behavior modified by statfs and statfs_ignore). It does not represent a contiguous space. In the same way that read-only filesystems, those with quotas, or reserved space report the full theoretical space available.
Due to path preservation, branch tagging, read-only status, and
minfreespace settings it is perfectly valid that ENOSPC
/ "out
of space" / "no space left on device" be returned. It is doing what
was asked of it: filtering possible branches due to those
settings. Only one error can be returned and if one of the reasons for
filtering a branch was minfreespace then it will be returned as
such. moveonenospc is only relevant to writing a file which is too
large for the filesystem it's currently on.
It is also possible that the filesystem selected has run out of
inodes. Use df -i
to list the total and available inodes per
filesystem.
If you don't care about path preservation then simply change the
create
policy to one which isn't. mfs
is probably what most are
looking for. The reason it's not default is because it was originally
set to epmfs
and changing it now would change people's setup. Such a
setting change will likely occur in mergerfs 3.
Why does the total available space in mergerfs not equal outside?
Are you using ext2/3/4? With reserve for root? mergerfs uses available space for statfs calculations. If you've reserved space for root then it won't show up.
You can remove the reserve by running: tune2fs -m 0 <device>
I notice massive slowdowns of writes when enabling cache.files.
When file caching is enabled in any form (cache.files!=off
) it will
issue getxattr
requests for security.capability
prior to every
single write. This will usually result in performance degradation,
especially when using a network filesystem (such as NFS or SMB.)
Unfortunately at this moment, the kernel is not caching the response.
To work around this situation mergerfs offers a few solutions.
- Set
security_capability=false
. It will short circuit any call and returnENOATTR
. This still means though that mergerfs will receive the request before every write but at least it doesn't get passed through to the underlying filesystem. - Set
xattr=noattr
. Same as above but applies to all calls to getxattr. Not justsecurity.capability
. This will not be cached by the kernel either but mergerfs' runtime config system will still function. - Set
xattr=nosys
. Results in mergerfs returningENOSYS
which will be cached by the kernel. No future xattr calls will be forwarded to mergerfs. The downside is that also means the xattr based config and query functionality won't work either. - Disable file caching. If you aren't using applications which use
mmap
it's probably simpler to just disable it altogether. The kernel won't send the requests when caching is disabled.
It's mentioned that there are some security issues with mhddfs. What are they? How does mergerfs address them?
mhddfs manages running as root by calling getuid() and if it returns 0 then it will chown the file. Not only is that a race condition but it doesn't handle other situations. Rather than attempting to simulate POSIX ACL behavior the proper way to manage this is to use seteuid and setegid, in effect, becoming the user making the original call, and perform the action as them. This is what mergerfs does and why mergerfs should always run as root.
In Linux setreuid syscalls apply only to the thread. GLIBC hides this away by using realtime signals to inform all threads to change credentials. Taking after Samba, mergerfs uses syscall(SYS_setreuid,...) to set the callers credentials for that thread only. Jumping back to root as necessary should escalated privileges be needed (for instance: to clone paths between filesystems).
For non-Linux systems, mergerfs uses a read-write lock and changes credentials only when necessary. If multiple threads are to be user X then only the first one will need to change the processes credentials. So long as the other threads need to be user X they will take a readlock allowing multiple threads to share the credentials. Once a request comes in to run as user Y that thread will attempt a write lock and change to Y's credentials when it can. If the ability to give writers priority is supported then that flag will be used so threads trying to change credentials don't starve. This isn't the best solution but should work reasonably well assuming there are few users.
mergerfs versus X
mhddfs
mhddfs had not been maintained for some time and has some known stability and security issues. mergerfs provides a superset of mhddfs' features and should offer the same or better performance.
Below is an example of mhddfs and mergerfs setup to work similarly.
mhddfs -o mlimit=4G,allow_other /mnt/drive1,/mnt/drive2 /mnt/pool
mergerfs -o minfreespace=4G,category.create=ff /mnt/drive1:/mnt/drive2 /mnt/pool
aufs
aufs is mostly abandoned and no longer available in most Linux distros.
While aufs can offer better peak performance mergerfs provides more configurability and is generally easier to use. mergerfs however does not offer the overlay / copy-on-write (CoW) features which aufs has.
unionfs-fuse
unionfs-fuse is more like aufs than mergerfs in that it offers overlay / copy-on-write (CoW) features. If you're just looking to create a union of filesystems and want flexibility in file/directory placement then mergerfs offers that whereas unionfs is more for overlaying read/write filesystems over read-only ones.
overlayfs
overlayfs is similar to aufs and unionfs-fuse in that it also is primarily used to layer a read/write filesystem over one or more read-only filesystems. It does not have the ability to spread files/directories across numerous filesystems.
RAID0, JBOD, drive concatenation, striping
With simple JBOD / drive concatenation / stripping / RAID0 a single drive failure will result in full pool failure. mergerfs performs a similar function without the possibility of catastrophic failure and the difficulties in recovery. Drives may fail but all other filesystems and their data will continue to be accessible.
The main practical difference with mergerfs is the fact you don't actually have contiguous space as large as if you used those other technologies. Meaning you can't create a 2TB file on a pool of 2 1TB filesystems.
When combined with something like SnapRaid and/or an offsite backup solution you can have the flexibility of JBOD without the single point of failure.
UnRAID
UnRAID is a full OS and its storage layer, as I understand, is proprietary and closed source. Users who have experience with both have often said they prefer the flexibility offered by mergerfs and for some the fact it is open source is important.
There are a number of UnRAID users who use mergerfs as well though I'm not entirely familiar with the use case.
For semi-static data mergerfs + SnapRaid provides a similar solution.
ZFS
mergerfs is very different from ZFS. mergerfs is intended to provide
flexible pooling of arbitrary filesystems (local or remote), of
arbitrary sizes, and arbitrary filesystems. For write once, read many
usecases such as bulk media storage. Where data integrity and
backup is managed in other ways. In those usecases ZFS can introduce a
number of costs and limitations as described
here,
here, and
here.
StableBit's DrivePool
DrivePool works only on Windows so not as common an alternative as other Linux solutions. If you want to use Windows then DrivePool is a good option. Functionally the two projects work a bit differently. DrivePool always writes to the filesystem with the most free space and later rebalances. mergerfs does not offer rebalance but chooses a branch at file/directory create time. DrivePool's rebalancing can be done differently in any directory and has file pattern matching to further customize the behavior. mergerfs, not having rebalancing does not have these features, but similar features are planned for mergerfs v3. DrivePool has builtin file duplication which mergerfs does not natively support (but can be done via an external script.)
There are a lot of misc differences between the two projects but most features in DrivePool can be replicated with external tools in combination with mergerfs.
Additionally, DrivePool is a closed source commercial product vs mergerfs a ISC licensed OSS project.
SUPPORT
Filesystems are complex and difficult to debug. mergerfs, while being just a proxy of sorts, can be difficult to debug given the large number of possible settings it can have itself and the number of environments it can run in. When reporting on a suspected issue please include as much of the below information as possible otherwise it will be difficult or impossible to diagnose. Also please read the above documentation as it provides details on many previously encountered questions/issues.
Please make sure you are using the latest release or have tried it in comparison. Old versions, which are often included in distros like Debian and Ubuntu, are not ever going to be updated and the issue you are encountering may have been addressed already.
For commercial support or feature requests please contact me directly.
Information to include in bug reports
- Information about the broader problem along with any attempted solutions.
- Solution already ruled out and why.
- Version of mergerfs:
mergerfs --version
- mergerfs settings / arguments: from fstab, systemd unit, command line, OMV plugin, etc.
- Version of the OS:
uname -a
andlsb_release -a
- List of branches, their filesystem types, sizes (before and after issue):
df -h
- All information about the relevant paths and files: permissions, ownership, etc.
- All information about the client app making the requests: version, uid/gid
- Runtime environment:
- Is mergerfs running within a container?
- Are the client apps using mergerfs running in a container?
- A
strace
of the app having problems:strace -fvTtt -s 256 -o /tmp/app.strace.txt <cmd>
- A
strace
of mergerfs while the program is trying to do whatever it is failing to do:strace -fvTtt -s 256 -p <mergerfsPID> -o /tmp/mergerfs.strace.txt
- Precise directions on replicating the issue. Do not leave anything out.
- Try to recreate the problem in the simplest way using standard programs:
ln
,mv
,cp
,ls
,dd
, etc.
Contact / Issue submission
- github.com: https://github.com/trapexit/mergerfs/issues
- discord: https://discord.gg/MpAr69V
- reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/mergerfs
Donations
https://github.com/trapexit/support
Development and support of a project like mergerfs requires a significant amount of time and effort. The software is released under the very liberal ISC license and is therefore free to use for personal or commercial uses.
If you are a personal user and find mergerfs and its support valuable and would like to support the project financially it would be very much appreciated.
If you are using mergerfs commercially please consider sponsoring the project to ensure it continues to be maintained and receive updates. If custom features are needed feel free to contact me directly.