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Code style guides

It is good to write code idiomatically in each language and not bring, for example, Python experience to JavaScript. The doc describes idiomatic & widely-used by the languages communities styles of coding.

All languages
CoffeeScript
LiveScript
Ruby
Python
JavaScript
Objective-C
Scala
Erlang
Git
License

All languages

Readability counts.
Be consistent.
Don't repeat yourself.
Flat is better than nested.
Beautiful is better than ugly.
Simple is better than complex.
Add blank line to the end of every file.
Limit lines to 80 characters.

CoffeeScript

Follow polarmobile/coffeescript-style-guide.
Follow TomDoc as a documentation specification.
Write code in a functional style. Less side effects == less errors. Examples:
- Use array methods (Array::forEach, Array::filter etc.) instead of for..in loops. for loops don't create scope so it's easier to introduce bugs. Object.keys() are preferred to for..of.
- Avoid break-s and continue-s.
- Try to not redefine once defined vars where it's possible.

LiveScript

Follow official style guide.

Ruby

Follow bbatsov/ruby-style-guide.
Follow TomDoc as a documentation specification.

Python

Follow PEP8.

JavaScript

Two spaces indentation.
Single quotes are preferred over double. Reason: HTML uses double quotes.
Use void 0 instead of undefined, because undefined could have been redefined.
Write code in functional style with minimum side effects. See coffeescript section for more info.
Don't use function statements. Instead, create anonymous functions and assing them to vars for consistency with other vars.
```
// No
function doThing(a, b) {return a * b;}

// Yes
var doThing = function(a, b) {return a * b;};
```
Avoid global vars where you can. If you use them, specify it explicitly.
```
window.globalVar = ...;
```

Use one var per variable.

var a = 5;
var b = 6;
var $this = $(this);
// Exception.
var a, b, c, d, $this;

Use '_this' variable to push current context to the closures.

var a = {
 b: function() {
   var _this = this;
   $(some).click(function(event) {
     _this.c();
   });
 }
};

Event callback should name event data variable as 'event', not 'e' etc.

$('#item').click(function(event) {
  $.storage.set('item', $(this).val());
});

Do not use quotes in object keys.

// No
{'a': 'testtest'}

// Yes
{a: 'testtest'}

Use '===' for comparing instead of '=='. JavaScript is weakly typed language, so 5 == '5'. This ambiguity could lead to hard-to-find bugs.

if (a === 5) {
  ...
}
if ($(this).val() === 'something') {
  ...
}
if (typeof a === 'undefined') {
  ...
}

// Exception: this compares both to 'null' and 'undefined'.
if (item == null) {

}

Cache list length into a variable. You could afford 2x loop performance increase with this on some browsers.
```
for (var i = 0, length = someList.length; i < length; i++) {
  doSomething(someList[i]);
}
```
Avoid bitwise operators if possible.
Avoid with & implied typecasting.

HTML

Two spaces indentation.

CSS

Two spaces indentation.
Use lowercase hex colors (e.g. #fff) instead of color names (e.g. white).
Use * {box-sizing: border-box;}.
Use hyphens between class names, not camelCase or under_scores.
Use only classes for styling most of the time (no #ids, elems etc).
Don't use inline styling.
Profile your selectors with webkit inspector.

Use tree-style indentation.

.signup-page {
  background: #0d0; }
  .signup-button {
    padding: 10px;
    background-image: url("../img/signup.png"); }

/* This looks cool if you use Stylus etc. */
.chat-page {
  font-size: 0.9em; }
  .identity {
    margin-bottom: 20px; }
    .identity-profile {
      height: 4em; }
    .identity-nickname {
      float: left;
      width: 165px; }
    .identity-avatar {
      float: right; }
    .identity-updates {
      margin-top: 10px; }
    .identity-status {
      height: 30px; }
    .identity-current-mood {
      padding-left: 5px; }
    .identity-button {
      float: right; }

Use this sequence of properties

.item {
  position: static;
  z-index: 0;
  top: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;

  display: block;
  visibility: hidden;
  float: none;
  clear: none;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0 0 0 0);

  box-sizing: content-box;
  width: auto;
  min-width: 0;
  max-width: 0;
  height: auto;
  min-height: 0;
  max-height: 0;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;

  table-layout: fixed;
  empty-cells: show;
  border-spacing: 0;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  list-style: none;

  font: 1em sans-serif;
  font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1em;
  font-weight: normal;
  font-style: normal;
  font-variant: normal;

  content: "";
  cursor: default;
  text-align: left;
  vertical-align: top;
  line-height: 1;
  white-space: normal;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-indent: 1;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 1;
  word-spacing: normal;

  opacity: 1;
  color: #d00;
  text-shadow: 5px 5px 5px #d59;
  border: 1px solid #d00;
  border-radius: 15px;
  box-shadow: inset 1px 0 0 #fff;
  background: #fff url("../i/bg.png") no-repeat 0 0; }

Objective-C

Follow GitHub style guide which is basically an extract of apple style guide.

Scala

Follow official language style guide.

Erlang

Follow the official Programming Rules and Conventions.
Use types and function specifications and discrepancy analysis.
Avoid if-s, throw-s and catch-es whenever possible.

Git

Keep your repository clean. Don’t commit big files unless they absolutely require git. Even in this case, prefer storing all big files in a separate submodule. That’s because git history can become very big and it will be pain for others to use the repo.

Structure your commit message like this:

One line summary (less than 50 characters)

Longer description (wrap at 72 characters)

Commit summary:
- Less than 50 characters
- What was changed
- Imperative present tense (fix, add, change): ("Fix bug 123.", "Add 'foobar' command.", "Change default timeout to 123."). Commits in past tense look weird to other developers e.g. the change ain’t happened yet and there’s question like “What will applying the patch do?” and you answer to this shit like “it will remove utils.wrapMethod.”. Also it’s official git style
- End with period
Commit description:
- Wrap at 72 characters
- Why, explain intention and implementation approach
- Present tense
Commit atomicity:
- Break up logical changes
- Make whitespace changes separately
Branch naming:
- Use hyphens as word separator.
- Use namespaces, for example,
  - topics/topic-name namespace every time you want to create a pull request and just in everyday. Use hyphens between words. Examples: topics/fix-fs-utils, topics/add-reddit-button.
  - versions/x.y namespace for supporting old versions. Examples: versions/1.0, versions/2.1.

License

The MIT License (MIT)

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.