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DDSP: Differentiable Digital Signal Processing

DDSP is a library of differentiable versions of common DSP functions (such as synthesizers, waveshapers, and filters). This allows these interpretable elements to be used as part of an deep learning model, especially as the output layers for audio generation.

Getting Started

First, follow the steps in the Installation section to install the DDSP package and its dependencies. DDSP modules can be used to generate and manipulate audio from neural network outputs as in this simple example:

import ddsp

# Get synthesizer parameters from a neural network.
outputs = network(inputs)

# Initialize signal processors.
harmonic = ddsp.synths.Harmonic()

# Generates audio from harmonic synthesizer.
audio = harmonic(outputs['amplitudes'],
                 outputs['harmonic_distribution'],
                 outputs['f0_hz'])

Links

Demos

Colab notebooks demonstrating some of the neat things you can do with DDSP ddsp/colab/demos

Timbre Transfer: Convert audio between sound sources with pretrained models. Try turning your voice into a violin, or scratching your laptop and seeing how it sounds as a flute :). Pick from a selection of pretrained models or upload your own that you can train with the train_autoencoder demo.
Train Autoencoder: Takes you through all the steps to convert audio files into a dataset and train your own DDSP autoencoder model. You can transfer data and models to/from google drive, and download a .zip file of your trained model to be used with the timbre_transfer demo.
Pitch Detection: Demonstration of self-supervised pitch detection models from the 2020 ICML Workshop paper.

Tutorials

To introduce the main concepts of the library, we have step-by-step colab tutorials for all the major library components ddsp/colab/tutorials.

0_processor: Introduction to the Processor class.
1_synths_and_effects: Example usage of processors.
2_processor_group: Stringing processors together in a ProcessorGroup.
3_training: Example of training on a single sound.
4_core_functions: Extensive examples for most of the core DDSP functions.

Modules

The DDSP library consists of a core library (ddsp/) and a self-contained training library (ddsp/training/). The core library is split up into into several modules:

Core: All the differentiable DSP functions.
Processors: Base classes for Processor and ProcessorGroup.
Synths: Processors that generate audio from network outputs.
Effects: Processors that transform audio according to network outputs.
Losses: Loss functions relevant to DDSP applications.
Spectral Ops: Helper library of Fourier and related transforms.

Besides the tutorials, each module has its own test file that can be helpful for examples of usage.

Installation

Requires tensorflow version >= 2.1.0, but the core library runs in either eager or graph mode.

sudo apt-get install libsndfile-dev
pip install --upgrade pip
pip install --upgrade ddsp

Overview

Processor

The Processor is the main object type and preferred API of the DDSP library. It inherits from tfkl.Layer and can be used like any other differentiable module.

Unlike other layers, Processors (such as Synthesizers and Effects) specifically format their inputs into controls that are physically meaningful. For instance, a synthesizer might need to remove frequencies above the Nyquist frequency to avoid aliasing or ensure that its amplitudes are strictly positive. To this end, they have the methods:

get_controls(): inputs -> controls.
get_signal(): controls -> signal.
__call__(): inputs -> signal. (i.e. get_signal(**get_controls()))

Where:

inputs is a variable number of tensor arguments (depending on processor). Often the outputs of a neural network.
controls is a dictionary of tensors scaled and constrained specifically for the processor.
signal is an output tensor (usually audio or control signal for another processor).

For example, here are of some inputs to an Harmonic() synthesizer:

And here are the resulting controls after logarithmically scaling amplitudes, removing harmonics above the Nyquist frequency, and normalizing the remaining harmonic distribution:

Notice that only 18 harmonics are nonzero (sample rate 16kHz, Nyquist 8kHz, 18*440=7920Hz) and they sum to 1.0 at all times

ProcessorGroup

Consider the situation where you want to string together a group of Processors. Since Processors are just instances of tfkl.Layer you could use python control flow, as you would with any other differentiable modules.

In the example below, we have an audio autoencoder that uses a differentiable harmonic+noise synthesizer with reverb to generate audio for a multi-scale spectrogram reconstruction loss.

import ddsp

# Get synthesizer parameters from the input audio.
outputs = network(audio_input)

# Initialize signal processors.
harmonic = ddsp.synths.Harmonic()
filtered_noise = ddsp.synths.FilteredNoise()
reverb = ddsp.effects.TrainableReverb()
spectral_loss = ddsp.losses.SpectralLoss()

# Generate audio.
audio_harmonic = harmonic(outputs['amplitudes'],
                          outputs['harmonic_distribution'],
                          outputs['f0_hz'])
audio_noise = filtered_noise(outputs['magnitudes'])
audio = audio_harmonic + audio_noise
audio = reverb(audio)

# Multi-scale spectrogram reconstruction loss.
loss = spectral_loss(audio, audio_input)

ProcessorGroup (with a list)

A ProcessorGroup allows specifies a as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) of processors. The main advantage of using a ProcessorGroup is that the entire signal processing chain can be specified in a .gin file, removing the need to write code in python for every different configuration of processors.

You can specify the DAG as a list of tuples dag = [(processor, ['input1', 'input2', ...]), ...] where processor is an Processor instance, and ['input1', 'input2', ...] is a list of strings specifying input arguments. The output signal of each processor can be referenced as an input by the string 'processor_name/signal' where processor_name is the name of the processor at construction. The ProcessorGroup takes a dictionary of inputs, who keys can be referenced in the DAG.

import ddsp
import gin

# Get synthesizer parameters from the input audio.
outputs = network(audio_input)

# Initialize signal processors.
harmonic = ddsp.synths.Harmonic()
filtered_noise = ddsp.synths.FilteredNoise()
add = ddsp.processors.Add()
reverb = ddsp.effects.TrainableReverb()
spectral_loss = ddsp.losses.SpectralLoss()

# Processor group DAG
dag = [
  (harmonic,
   ['amps', 'harmonic_distribution', 'f0_hz']),
  (filtered_noise,
   ['magnitudes']),
  (add,
   ['harmonic/signal', 'filtered_noise/signal']),
  (reverb,
   ['add/signal'])
]
processor_group = ddsp.processors.ProcessorGroup(dag=dag)

# Generate audio.
audio = processor_group(outputs)

# Multi-scale spectrogram reconstruction loss.
loss = spectral_loss(audio, audio_input)

ProcessorGroup (with `gin`)

The main advantage of a ProcessorGroup is that it can be defined with a .gin file, allowing flexible configurations without having to write new python code for every new DAG.

In the example below we pretend we have an external file written, which we treat here as a string. Now, after parsing the gin file, the ProcessorGroup will have its arguments configured on construction.

import ddsp
import gin

gin_config = """
import ddsp

processors.ProcessorGroup.dag = [
  (@ddsp.synths.Harmonic(),
   ['amplitudes', 'harmonic_distribution', 'f0_hz']),
  (@ddsp.synths.FilteredNoise(),
   ['magnitudes']),
  (@ddsp.processors.Add(),
   ['filtered_noise/signal', 'harmonic/signal']),
  (@ddsp.effects.TrainableReverb(),
   ['add/signal'])
]
"""

with gin.unlock_config():
  gin.parse_config(gin_config)

# Get synthesizer parameters from the input audio.
outputs = network(audio_input)

# Initialize signal processors, arguments are configured by gin.
processor_group = ddsp.processors.ProcessorGroup()

# Generate audio.
audio = processor_group(outputs)

# Multi-scale spectrogram reconstruction loss.
loss = spectral_loss(audio, audio_input)

A word about `gin`...

The gin library is a "super power" of dependency injection, and we find it very helpful for our experiments, but with great power comes great responsibility. There are two methods for injecting dependencies with gin.

@gin.configurable makes a function globally configurable, such that anywhere the function or object is called, gin sets its default arguments/constructor values. This can lead to a lot of unintended side-effects.
@gin.register registers a function or object with gin, and only sets the default argument values when the function or object itself is used as an argument to another function.

To "use gin responsibly", by wrapping most functions with @gin.register so that they can be specified as arguments of more "global" @gin.configurable functions/objects such as ProcessorGroup in the main library and Model, train(), evaluate(), and sample() in ddsp/training.

As you can see in the code, this allows us to flexibly define hyperparameters of most functions without worrying about side-effects. One exception is ddsp.core.oscillator_bank.use_angular_cumsum where we can enable a slower but more accurate algorithm globally.

Backwards compatability

For backwards compatability, we keep track of changes in function signatures in update_gin_config.py, which can be used to update old operative configs to work with the current library.

Contributing

We're eager to collaborate with you! See CONTRIBUTING.md for a guide on how to contribute.

Citation

If you use this code please cite it as:

@inproceedings{
  engel2020ddsp,
  title={DDSP: Differentiable Digital Signal Processing},
  author={Jesse Engel and Lamtharn (Hanoi) Hantrakul and Chenjie Gu and Adam Roberts},
  booktitle={International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year={2020},
  url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=B1x1ma4tDr}
}

Disclaimer

Functions and classes marked EXPERIMENTAL in their doc string are under active development and very likely to change. They should not be expected to be maintained in their current state.

This is not an official Google product.