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The gateway drug to automated infrastructure testing with Puppet

Onceover is a tool to automatically run basic tests on an entire Puppet control repository.

It includes automatic parsing of the Puppetfile, environment.conf and others in order to stop silly mistakes ever reaching your Puppet Master!

New in v3.19.1: I've reversed the decision to have onceover use site.pp in the same way Puppet does. From now on your manifest setting in environment.conf will be ignored and your site.pp will only be used if you explicitly set the manifest option in the CLI or config file.

Table of Contents

Overview

This gem provides a toolset for testing Puppet control repository (ie. Repos used with r10k).

The main purpose of this project is to provide a set of tools to help smooth out the process of setting up and running rspec-puppet tests for a controlrepo.

Due to the fact that controlrepos are fairly standardised in nature it seemed ridiculous that you would need to set up the same testing framework that we would normally use within a module for a controlrepo. This is because at this level we are normally just running very basic tests that cover a lot of code. It would also mean that we would need to essentially duplicated our Puppetfile into a .fixtures.yml file, along with a few other things.

This toolset requires some configuration before it can be used so definitely read that section before getting started.

Quick Start

Note: This assumes you are inside the root of your control-repo.

  1. Add onceover to your Gemfile:

    gem 'onceover'

  2. Run Bundler to install onceover

    bundle install

  3. Set up your configuration

    bundle exec onceover init

  4. Run your spec tests!

    bundle exec onceover run spec

Configuration

This project uses one main config file to determine what Puppet classes we should be testing and how: onceover.yaml.

As onceover tests Puppet classes, it need sets of facts to compile the Puppet code against, these are stored in factsets.

onceover.yaml

Usually located at spec/onceover.yaml, this path could be overrided with environment variable: ONCEOVER_YAML.

Hopefully this config file will be fairly self explanatory once you see it, but basically this is the place where we define what classes we want to test and the factsets that we want to test them against.

Main settings

Advanced settings

Include/Exclude syntax

This can be used with either node_groups or class_groups and allows us to save some time by using existing groups to create new ones e.g.

node_groups:
  windows_nodes: # This has to be defined first
    - sevrer2008r2
    - server2012r2
  non_windows:
    include: 'all_nodes' # Start with all nodes
    exclude: 'windows_nodes' # Then remove the windows ones from that list

It's important to note that in order to reference a group using the include/exclude syntax it has to have been defined already i.e. it has to come above the group that references it

Examples

Minimal
classes:
  - /^role::/

nodes:
  - Debian-10-amd64

test_matrix:
  - all_nodes:
      classes: 'all_classes'
      tests: 'spec'
Advanced

In the example below we have referred to centos6a and centos7b in all of our tests as they are in all_nodes, non_windows_servers and centos_severs. However we have left the more specific references to last. This is because entries in the test_matrix will override entries above them if applicable. Meaning that we are still only testing each class on the two Centos servers once (Because the gem does de-duplication before running the tests), but also making sure we run roles::frontend_webserver twice before checking for idempotency.

A full example:

classes:
  - 'roles::backend_dbserver'
  - 'roles::frontend_webserver'
  - 'roles::load_balancer'
  - 'roles::syd_f5_load_balancer'
  - 'roles::windows_server'
  - '/^role/'                     # Note that this regex format requires `/`

nodes:
  - centos6a
  - centos7b
  - server2008r2a
  - ubuntu1404a
  - ubuntu1604a

node_groups:
  centos_severs:
    - centos6a
    - centos7b
  ubuntu_servers:
    - ubuntu1404a
    - ubuntu1604a
  non_windows_servers:
    include: 'all_nodes'
    exclude: 'server2008r2a'

class_groups:
  windows_roles:
    - 'roles::windows_server'
    - 'roles::backend_dbserver'
    - '/^roles::win/'
  non_windows_roles:
    include: 'all_classes'
    exclude: 'windows_roles'

test_matrix:
  - all_nodes:
      classes: 'all_classes'
      tests: 'spec'
  - non_windows_servers:
      classes: 'non_windows_roles'
  - ubuntu_servers:
      classes: 'all_classes'
      tests: 'spec'
  - centos_severs:
      classes: 'roles::frontend_webserver'
      tests: 'spec'
      runs_before_idempotency: 2
      tags:
        - 'frontend'

functions:
  query_resources:
    returns: []
  profile::custom_function:
    returns: ["one", "two"]

opts:
  :facts_dirs:
    - spec/factsets
  :profile_regex: '^(profile|site)::'   # Note that this regex _doesn't_ use `/`

Factsets

Factsets are used by the onceover gem to generate spec tests, which compile a given class against a certain set of facts.

This gem comes with a few pre-canned factsets, these are listed under the nodes sections of onceover.yaml when you run onceover init.

You can, and its a good pratice, add your own factsets by putting them in spec/factsets/*.json.

To generate these factsets all we need to do is log onto a real machine that has puppet installed and run:

puppet facts > fact_set_name.json

Its recommended to run this on each of the types of nodes that you run in your infrastructure to have good coverage.

If you are using Trusted Facts or Trusted External Data and can use the PE client tools you can generate a factset which contains this information by running:

puppet facts --terminus puppetdb > fact_set_name.json

or

puppet facts --terminus puppetdb <node certname> > fact_set_name.json

Factsets are named based on their filename, i.e. myfactset in onceover.yaml refers spec/factsets/myfactset.json

Trusted Facts

You can add trusted facts to the factsets by creating a new section called trusted:

{
  "name": "node.puppetlabs.net",
  "trusted": {
    "pp_role": "agent",
    "pp_datacenter": "puppet",
  },
  "values": {
    "aio_agent_build": "1.10.4",
    "aio_agent_version": "1.10.4",
    "architecture": "x86_64",

Notice that the extensions part is implied. The first fact in that example translates to $trusted['extensions']['pp_role'] in Puppet code.

Alternatively, if you generated your factset using the PE client tools your trusted facts will be nested under the values hash. For example:

{
  "name": "node.puppetlabs.net",
  "values": {
    "aio_agent_build": "1.10.4",
    "aio_agent_version": "1.10.4",
    "architecture": "x86_64",
    "trusted": {
      "extensions": {
        "pp_role": "agent",
        "pp_datacenter": "puppet"
      }
    }

In this case, you're all set and onceover will auto-magically pick those up for you.

Note: The top level trusted hash takes precidence over the trusted[extensions] hash nested under values. Meaning that if you have any specified at the top level, any nested ones will not be considered. So pick ONE method and stick with that.

Trusted Certname

Note: When testing with Puppet >= 4.3 the trusted facts hash will have the standard trusted fact keys (certname, domain, and hostname) populated based on the node name (as set with :node).

To support the resolution of the trusted fact certname in auto-generated spec tests, onceover will set :node to the value of trusted[certname] where present in the source factset.

For example: A spec test generated by the factset below would result in :node == node.puppetlabs.net.

{
  "name": "node.puppetlabs.net",
  "values": {
    "aio_agent_build": "1.10.4",
    "aio_agent_version": "1.10.4",
    "architecture": "x86_64",
    "trusted": {
      "certname": "node.puppetlabs.net",
      "extensions": {
        "pp_role": "agent",
        "pp_datacenter": "puppet"
      }
    }

If trusted[certname] is absent, the value of :node will default to the FQDN of the host running onceover. For example:

{
  "name": "node.puppetlabs.net",
  "values": {
    "aio_agent_build": "1.10.4",
    "aio_agent_version": "1.10.4",
    "architecture": "x86_64",
    "trusted": {
      "extensions": {
        "pp_role": "agent",
        "pp_datacenter": "puppet"
      }
    }

See the following rspec-puppet links for more information:

Trusted External Data

Note: This feature requires rspec-puppet >= 2.8.0.

You can add trusted external data to the factsets by creating a new section called trusted_external:

{
  "name": "node.puppetlabs.net",
  "trusted_external": {
    "example_forager": {
      "globalRegion": "EMEA",
      "serverOwner": "John Doe"
    }
  },
  "values": {
    "aio_agent_build": "1.10.4",
    "aio_agent_version": "1.10.4",
    "architecture": "x86_64",

Notice that the external part is implied, though the foragers name will still need to be provided. The first fact in that example translates to $trusted['external']['example_forager']['globalRegion'] in Puppet code.

Alternatively, if you generated your factset using the PE client tools your trusted external data will be nested under the values hash. For example:

{
  "name": "node.puppetlabs.net",
  "values": {
    "aio_agent_build": "1.10.4",
    "aio_agent_version": "1.10.4",
    "architecture": "x86_64",
    "trusted": {
      "external": {
        "example_forager": {
          "globalRegion": "EMEA",
          "serverOwner": "John Doe"
        }
      }
    }

In this case, you're all set and onceover will auto-magically pick those up for you.

Note: The top level trusted_external hash takes precidence over the trusted[external] hash nested under values. Meaning that if you have any specified at the top level, any nested ones will not be considered. So pick ONE method and stick with that.

Hiera

If you have hiera data inside your controlrepo (or somewhere else) onceover can be configured to use it. It is however worth noting the hiera.yaml file that you currently use may not be applicable for testing right away. For example; if you are using hiera-eyaml I recommend creating a hiera.yaml purely for testing that simply uses the yaml backend, meaning that you don't need to provide the private keys to the testing machines.

It is also worth noting that any hiera hierarchies that are based on custom facts will not work unless those facts are part of your factsets. Trusted facts will also not work at all as the catalogs are being compiled without the node's certificate. In these instances it may be worth creating a hierarchy level that simply includes dummy data for testing purposes in order to avoid hiera lookup errors.

Puppetfile

Organisations often reference modules from their own git servers in the Puppetfile, like this:

mod "puppetlabs-apache",
  :git => "https://git.megacorp.com/pup/puppetlabs-apache.git",
  :tag => "v5.4.0"

Under the hood, onceover uses r10k to download the modules in your Puppetfile. If you get errors downloading modules from git, its because r10k's call to your underlying git command has failed. onceover tells you the command that r10k tried to run, so if you get an error like this:

INFO     -> Updating module /Users/dylan/control-repo/.onceover/etc/puppetlabs/code/environments
/production/modules/apache
ERROR    -> Command exited with non-zero exit code:
Command: git --git-dir /Users/dylan/.r10k/git/ssh---git.megacorp.com-pup-puppetlabs_apache.git fetch origin --prune
Stderr:
ssh_askpass: exec(/usr/bin/ssh-askpass): No such file or directory
Host key verification failed.

fatal: Could not read from remote repository.

Please make sure you have the correct access rights
and the repository exists.
Exit code: 128

Then the approach to debug it would be to run the command that Onceover suggested:

git --git-dir /Users/dylan/.r10k/git/ssh---git.megacorp.com-pup-puppetlabs_apache.git fetch origin --prune

In this case, running the command interactively gives us a prompt to add the server to our ~/.ssh/known_hosts file, which fixes the problem permanently:

$ git --git-dir /Users/dylan/.r10k/git/ssh---git.megacorp.com-pup-puppetlabs_apache.git fetch origin --prune

The authenticity of host 'git.megacorp.com (123.456.789.101)' can't be established.
...
Warning: Permanently added 'git.megacorp.com,123.456.789.101' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.

The other way to resolve this would have been to install the ssh_askpass program, but this can spam the screen with modal dialogs on some platforms.

r10k configuration

If you have custom r10k config that you want to use, place the r10k.yaml file in one of the following locations:

A good use of this is enabling multi threading by creating the following in r10k.yaml:

# spec/r10k.yaml
---
pool_size: 20

Creating the config file

If your hiera.yaml is version 4 or 5 and lives in the root of the controlrepo (as it should), Onceover will pick this up automatically. If you would like to make changes to this file for testing purposes, create a copy under spec/hiera.yaml. Onceover will use this version of the hiera config file first if it exists.

Setting the datadir

Hiera VersionConfig File LocationRequired datadir
3spec folderrelative to the root of the repo e.g. data
4 deprecatedRoot of reporelative to the root of the repo e.g. data
4 deprecatedspec folderrelative to the spec folder e.g. ../data
5Root of reporelative to the root of the repo e.g. data
5spec folderrelative to the spec folder e.g. ../data

hiera-eyaml

If you are using the hiera-eyaml backend there are some modifications that you will need to make in order to ensure that things actually work. Remember that when onceover compiles catalogs it is actually using hiera with your config file to do the lookups on the host that is running the tests, meaning that the hiera-eyaml gem will need to be present (put it in your Gemfile), as will the keys in the correct location, otherwise hiera will fail to load them. This is really not a great situation as you don't want to be distributing your private keys

Recommended Solution: I recommend that if you are using hiera-eyaml (which you probably should be) that you do the following:

  1. Duplicate your hiera.yaml file so that there is a copy in the spec/ directory
  2. Change the datadir setting as described above
  3. Remove the eyaml backend entirely and just use the base yaml backend. For hiera 5 this will look like:
---
version: 5
defaults:
  datadir: "../data"
  data_hash: yaml_data

This means that for testing, hiera will just return the encrypted string for anything that is encrypted using eyaml. This usually isn't a problem for catalog compilation and will allow tests to pass.

Spec testing

Once you have your onceover.yaml and factsets set up you are ready to go with spec testing.

To run the tests:

onceover run spec

This will do the following things:

  1. Create a temporary directory under .onceover
  2. Clone all repos in the Puppetfile into the temporary directory
  3. Generate tests that use rspec-puppet
  4. Run the tests

Adding your own spec tests

When using this gem adding your own spec tests is exactly the same as if you were to add them to a module, simply create them under spec/{classes,defines,etc.} in the Controlrepo and they will be run like normal, along with all of the it { should compile } tests.

Exposing Puppet output

If you want to see Puppet's output, you can set the SHOW_PUPPET_OUTPUT environment variable to true, eg:

SHOW_PUPPET_OUTPUT=true onceover run spec

Vendored Modules

As of Puppet 6.0 some resource types were removed from Puppet and repackaged as individual modules. These supported type modules are still included in the puppet-agent package, so you don't have to download them from the Forge. However, this does not apply to the puppet gem used when spec testing. This frequently results in users wondering why their Puppet manifests apply just fine on a node, but their tests fail with messages like Unknown resource type: cron_core for example. A common workaround for this problem was to add said modules into your Puppetfile, thus requiring manual management.

Onceover now has the ability to remove that manual process for you by querying Github's API to determine which versions are in use by the version of the puppet-agent package you are testing against.

This functionality is opt in, so to use it configure the following:

# onceover.yaml
opts:
  auto_vendored: true

or on the cli:

bundle exec onceover run spec --auto_vendored=true

Essentially what this is doing is resolving any of these supported type modules that are not already specified in your Puppetfile, and adding them to the copy Onceover uses to deploy into its working directory structure.

CI/CD pipeline users are encouraged to provide Onceover with a cache of the module versions to test against in order to avoid hitting Githubs API ratelimit. To do so, the generate_vendor_cache rake task can be used to populate the cache into your spec/vendored_modules directory.

Using workarounds

There may be situations where you cannot test everything that is in your puppet code, some common reasons for this include:

Fear not! There is a solution for this, it's also a good way to practice writing nasty puppet code. For this exact purpose I have added the ability for onceover to include extra bits of code in the tests to fix things like this. All you need to do is put a file/s containing puppet code here:

spec/pre_conditions/*.pp

What this will do is it will take any puppet code from any files it finds in that directory and have it executed alongside the code that you are actually testing. For example if we are testing some code that notifies the pe-puppetserver service, but are not managing that service in our code because it is managed by the PE module that ships with Puppet Enterprise the following code will fail:

file { '/etc/puppetlabs/puppet/puppet.conf':
  ensure  => file,
  content => '#nothing',
  notify  => Service['pe-puppetserver'], # This will fail without the PE module!
}

To fix this we can add the service to the pre_conditions to make sure that our catalogs can compile e.g.

# spec/pre_conditions/services.pp
service { 'pe-puppetserver':
  ensure => 'running',
}

You can also mock out defined resources or types that you cannot gain access to easily, such as puppet_enterprise::mcollective::client:

  define puppet_enterprise::mcollective::client (
    $activemq_brokers,
    $logfile     = '/var/log',
    $create_user = true,
  ) {

  }

or

  define pe_ini_setting (
    $ensure  = present,
    $path,
    $section,
    $setting,
    $value,
  ) {
  }

Resource collectors are likely to come in handy here too. They allow you to override values of resources that match given criteria. This way we can override things for the sake of testing without having to change the code.

NOTE: If you want to access the class or factset that onceover is running against just use the $onceover_class and $onceover_node variables respectively.

Extra Tooling

Plugins

Onceover now allows for plugins. To use a plugin simply install a gem with a name that starts with onceover- and onceover will activate it.

Useful plugins:

If you want to write your own plugin, take a look at onceover-helloworld to help you get started.

Inspecting and updating the Puppetfile

Onceover comes with some extra commands for interacting with the Puppetfile in useful ways. These are:

onceover show puppetfile

This will display all the current versions of all modules that are in the Puppetfile alongside the latest versions and whether or not they are out of date. This is a useful took for making sure your modules don't get too stale.

onceover update puppetfile

This takes your Puppetfile and actually modifies all of the module versions in there to the latest versions and saves the file. This is useful for setting up automated Puppetfile updates, just get Jenkins or Bamboo to:

  1. Check out the Controlrepo
  2. Run onceover to get a passing baseline
  3. Update the Puppetfile with the latest versions of all modules
  4. Run Onceover again
  5. Create a pull request if all tests pass

Overriding Onceover's Templates

Onceover uses templates to create a bunch of files in the .onceover directory, these templates can be modified if required. To do this create your own custom template with the same name os the original in the spec/templates/ directory and it will be used in preference to the default template. e.g. spec/templates/spec_helper.rb.erb

Accessing Onceover in a traditional RSpec test

If you would like to use onceover.yaml to manage which tests you want to run, but want more than just it { should_compile } tests to be run you can write you own as follows:

# spec/classes/role_spec.rb
require 'spec_helper'
require 'onceover/controlrepo'
require 'helpers/shared_examples'

Onceover::Controlrepo.new.spec_tests do |class_name, node_name, facts, trusted_facts, trusted_external_data, pre_conditions|
  describe class_name do
    context "on #{node_name}" do
      let(:facts) { facts }
      let(:trusted_facts) { trusted_facts }
      let(:trusted_external_data) { trusted_external_data }
      let(:pre_condition) { pre_conditions }

      it_behaves_like 'soe'
    end
  end
end

This will use the soe shared example on all of the tests that are configured in your onceover.yaml including any pre_conditions that you have set up.

Note: Onceover will automatically run any extra Rspec tests that it finds in the normal directories spec/{classes,defines,unit,functions,hosts,integration,types} so you can easily use auto-generated spec tests in conjunction with your own Rspec tests.

Accessing fact sets in a traditional RSpec test

We can access all of our fact sets using Onceover::Controlrepo.facts. Normally it would be implemented something like this:

Onceover::Controlrepo.facts.each do |facts|
  context "on #{facts['fqdn']}" do
    let(:facts) { facts }
    it { should compile }
  end
end

Other (possibly less useful) methods

The following code will test all roles that onceover can find (ignoring the ones configured in onceover.yaml) on all nodes in native rspec:

require 'spec_helper'
require 'onceover/controlrepo'
Onceover::Controlrepo.roles.each do |role|
  describe role do
    Onceover::Controlrepo.facts.each do |facts|
      context "on #{facts['fqdn']}" do
        let(:facts) { facts }
        it { should compile }
      end
    end
  end
end

This will iterate over each role in the controlrepo and test that it compiles with each set of facts.

The same can also be done with profiles just by using the profiles method instead:

require 'spec_helper'
require 'onceover'
Onceover::Controlrepo.profiles.each do |profile|
  describe profile do
    Onceover::Controlrepo.facts.each do |facts|
      context "on #{facts['fqdn']}" do
        let(:facts) { facts }
        it { should compile }
      end
    end
  end
end

It is not limited to just doing simple "It should compile" tests. You can put any tests you want in here.

Also since the profiles, roles and facts methods simply return arrays, you can iterate over them however you would like i.e. you could write a different set of tests for each profile and then just use the facts method to run those tests on every fact set.

Filtering

You can also filter your fact sets based on the value of any fact, including structured facts. (It will drill down into nested hashes and match those too, it's not just a dumb equality match)

Just pass a hash to the facts method and it will return only the fact sets with facts that match the hash e.g. Testing a certain profile on against only your Windows fact sets:

require 'spec_helper'
require 'onceover'

describe 'profile::windows_appserver' do
  Onceover::Controlrepo.facts({
    'kernel' => 'windows'
    }).each do |facts|
    context "on #{facts['fqdn']}" do
      let(:facts) { facts }
      it { should compile }
    end
  end
end

Extra Configuration

You can modify the regexes that the gem uses to filter classes that it finds into roles and profiles. Just set up a Controlrepo object and pass regexes to the below settings.

repo = Onceover::Controlrepo.new()
repo.role_regex = /.*/ # Tells the class how to find roles, will be applied to repo.classes
repo.profile_regex = /.*/ # Tells the class how to find profiles, will be applied to repo.classes

Note that you will need to call the roles and profiles methods on the object you just instantiated, not the main class e.g. repo.roles not Onceover::Controlrepo.roles

Ruby Warnings

When running onceover with --debug you will see ruby warnings in your test output such as warning: constant ::Fixnum is deprecated. This is because when running without --debug onceover sets the RUBYOPT environment variable to -W0 during the run. If you would like to run in debug mode but still want to suppress ruby warnings, simply run the following command before your tests:

export RUBYOPT='-W0'

It is also worth noting if you want to use RUBYOPT for some other reason when testing you will need to use --debug to stop it being clobbered by onceover.

Rake tasks

I have included a couple of little rake tasks to help get you started with testing your control repos. Set them up by adding this to your Rakefile

require 'onceover/rake_tasks'

The tasks are as follows:

generate_fixtures

bundle exec rake generate_fixtures

This task will go though your Puppetfile, grab all of the modules in there and convert them into a .fixtures.yml file. (You only need this if you are writing your own custom spec tests) It will also take the environment.conf file into account, check to see if you have any relative pathed directories and also include them into the .fixtures.yml as symlinks. e.g. If your files look like this:

Puppetfile

forge "http://forgeapi.puppetlabs.com"

# Modules from the Puppet Forge
mod "puppetlabs/stdlib", "4.6.0"
mod "puppetlabs/apache", "1.5.0"

environment.conf

modulepath = site:modules:$basemodulepath
environment_timeout = 0

Then the .fixtures.yml file that this rake task will create will look like this:

---
fixtures:
  symlinks:
    profiles: site/profiles
    roles: site/roles
  forge_modules:
    stdlib:
      repo: puppetlabs/stdlib
      ref: 4.6.0
    apache:
      repo: puppetlabs/apache
      ref: 1.5.0

Notice that the symlinks are not the ones that we provided in environment.conf? This is because the rake task will go into each of directories, find the modules and create a symlink for each of them (This is what rspec expects).

generate_vendor_cache

bundle exec rake generate_vendor_cache

This task will query Github's API to determine the versions of the vendored modules in use by the version of the puppet agent you are testing against, and cache that information in control-repo/spec/vendored_modules. This way your pipelines won't need to reach out for this information each time Onceover is ran with auto_vendored enabled.

Developing Onceover

Install gem dependencies:

bundle install

Clone the submodules

git submodule init && git submodule update --recursive

Execute tests

bundle exec rake

Contributors

Cheers to all of those who helped out:

Transfer Notice

This project was originally authored by dylanratcliffe. The maintainer preferred that Vox Pupuli take ownership of the project for future improvement and maintenance. Existing pull requests and issues were transferred over, please fork and continue to contribute here instead of voxpupuli-onceover.