Awesome

RSpec tests for your Puppet manifests & modules

Table of Contents

• Installation
• Starting out with a new module
• Configuration
• Naming conventions
• Example groups
• Defined Types and Classes
• Functions
• Hiera integration
• Producing coverage reports
• Related projects
• Development
• License

Installation

gem install rspec-puppet

Starting out with a new module

When you start out on a new module, create a metadata.json file for your module and then run rspec-puppet-init to create the necessary files to configure rspec-puppet for your module's tests.

Configuration is typically done in a spec/spec_helper.rb file which each of your spec will require. Example code:

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.module_path     = File.join(File.dirname(File.expand_path(__FILE__)), 'fixtures', 'modules')
  c.environmentpath = File.join(Dir.pwd, 'spec')
  c.manifest        = File.join(File.dirname(File.expand_path(__FILE__)), 'fixtures', 'manifests', 'site.pp')
  # Coverage generation
  c.after(:suite) do
    RSpec::Puppet::Coverage.report!
  end
end

Configuration

rspec-puppet can be configured by modifying the RSpec.configure block in your spec/spec_helper.rb file.

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.<config option> = <value>
end

module_path

The path to the directory containing your Puppet modules.

default_facts

A hash of default facts that should be used for all the tests.

hiera_config

The path to your hiera.yaml file (if used).

manifest

Path to test manifest. Typically spec/fixtures/manifests/site.pp.

default_node_params

A hash of default node parameters that should be used for all the tests.

default_trusted_facts

A hash of default trusted facts that should be used for all the tests (available in the manifests as the $trusted hash).

confdir

The path to the main Puppet configuration directory.

config

The path to puppet.conf.

environmentpath

The search path for environment directories.

strict_variables

Makes Puppet raise an error when it tries to reference a variable that hasn't been defined (not including variables that have been explicitly set to undef).

stringify_facts

Makes rspec-puppet coerce all the fact values into strings (matching the behaviour of older versions of Puppet).

enable_pathname_stubbing

Configures rspec-puppet to stub out Pathname#absolute? with it's own implementation. This should only be enabled if you're running into an issue running cross-platform tests where you have Ruby code (types, providers, functions, etc) that use Pathname#absolute?.

setup_fixtures

Configures rspec-puppet to automatically create a link from the root of your module to spec/fixtures/<module name> at the beginning of the test run.

derive_node_facts_from_nodename

If true, rspec-puppet will override the fdqn, hostname, and domain facts with values that it derives from the node name (specified with let(:node).

In some circumstances (e.g. where your nodename/certname is not the same as your FQDN), this behaviour is undesirable and can be disabled by changing this setting to false.

facter_implementation

Configures rspec-puppet to use a specific Facter implementation for running unit tests. If the rspec implementation is set and Puppet does not support it, rspec-puppet will warn and fall back to the facter implementation. Setting an unsupported option will make rspec-puppet raise an error.

• facter - Use the default implementation, honoring the Facter version specified in the Gemfile
• rspec - Use a custom hash-based implementation of Facter defined in rspec-puppet (this provides a considerable gain in speed if tests are run with Facter 4)

Naming conventions

For clarity and consistency, I recommend that you use the following directory structure and naming convention.

module/
  ├── manifests/
  ├── lib/
  └── spec/
       ├── spec_helper.rb
       │
       ├── classes/
       │     └── <class_name>_spec.rb
       │
       ├── defines/
       │     └── <define_name>_spec.rb
       │
       ├── functions/
       │     └── <function_name>_spec.rb
       │
       ├── types/
       │     └── <type_name>_spec.rb
       │
       ├── type_aliases/
       │     └── <type_alias_name>_spec.rb
       │
       └── hosts/
             └── <host_name>_spec.rb

Example groups

If you use the above directory structure, your examples will automatically be placed in the correct groups and have access to the custom matchers. If you choose not to, you can force the examples into the required groups as follows.

describe 'myclass', :type => :class do
  ...
end

describe 'mydefine', :type => :define do
  ...
end

describe 'myfunction', :type => :puppet_function do
  ...
end

describe 'mytype', :type => :type do
  ...
end

describe 'My::TypeAlias', :type => :type_alias do
  ...
end

describe 'myhost.example.com', :type => :host do
  ...
end

Defined Types and Classes

Matchers

Checking if the catalog compiles

You can test whether the subject catalog compiles cleanly with compile.

it { is_expected.to compile }

To check the error messages of your class, you can check for raised error messages.

it { is_expected.to compile.and_raise_error(/error message match/) }

Checking if a resource exists

You can test if a resource exists in the catalogue with the generic contain_<resource type> matcher.

it { is_expected.to contain_augeas('bleh') }

You can also test if a class has been included in the catalogue with the same matcher.

it { is_expected.to contain_class('foo') }

Note that rspec-puppet does none of the class name parsing and lookup that the puppet parser would do for you. The matcher only accepts fully qualified classnames without any leading colons. That is a class foo::bar will only be matched by foo::bar, but not by ::foo::bar, or bar alone.

If your resource type includes :: (e.g. foo::bar simply replace the :: with __ (two underscores).

it { is_expected.to contain_foo__bar('baz') }

You can further test the parameters that have been passed to the resources with the generic with_<parameter> chains.

it { is_expected.to contain_package('mysql-server').with_ensure('present') }

If you want to specify that the given parameters should be the only ones passed to the resource, use the only_with_<parameter> chains.

it { is_expected.to contain_package('httpd').only_with_ensure('latest') }

You can use the with method to verify the value of multiple parameters.

it do
  is_expected.to contain_service('keystone').with(
    'ensure'     => 'running',
    'enable'     => 'true',
    'hasstatus'  => 'true',
    'hasrestart' => 'true'
  )
end

The same holds for the only_with method, which in addition verifies the exact set of parameters and values for the resource in the catalogue.

it do
  is_expected.to contain_user('luke').only_with(
    'ensure' => 'present',
    'uid'    => '501'
  )
end

You can also test that specific parameters have been left undefined with the generic without_<parameter> chains.

it { is_expected.to contain_file('/foo/bar').without_mode }

You can use the without method to verify that a list of parameters have not been defined

it { is_expected.to contain_service('keystone').without(
  ['restart', 'status']
)}

Checking the number of resources

You can test the number of resources in the catalogue with the have_resource_count matcher.

it { is_expected.to have_resource_count(2) }

The number of classes in the catalogue can be checked with the have_class_count matcher.

it { is_expected.to have_class_count(2) }

You can also test the number of a specific resource type, by using the generic have_<resource type>_resource_count matcher.

it { is_expected.to have_exec_resource_count(1) }

This last matcher also works for defined types. If the resource type contains ::, you can replace it with __ (two underscores).

it { is_expected.to have_logrotate__rule_resource_count(3) }

NOTE: when testing a class, the catalogue generated will always contain at least one class, the class under test. The same holds for defined types, the catalogue generated when testing a defined type will have at least one resource (the defined type itself).

Relationship matchers

The following methods will allow you to test the relationships between the resources in your catalogue, regardless of how the relationship is defined. This means that it doesn’t matter if you prefer to define your relationships with the metaparameters (require, before, notify and subscribe) or the chaining arrows (->, ~>, <- and <~), they’re all tested the same.

it { is_expected.to contain_file('foo').that_requires('File[bar]') }
it { is_expected.to contain_file('foo').that_comes_before('File[bar]') }
it { is_expected.to contain_file('foo').that_notifies('File[bar]') }
it { is_expected.to contain_file('foo').that_subscribes_to('File[bar]') }

An array can be used to test a resource for multiple relationships

it { is_expected.to contain_file('foo').that_requires(['File[bar]', 'File[baz]']) }
it { is_expected.to contain_file('foo').that_comes_before(['File[bar]','File[baz]']) }
it { is_expected.to contain_file('foo').that_notifies(['File[bar]', 'File[baz]']) }
it { is_expected.to contain_file('foo').that_subscribes_to(['File[bar]', 'File[baz]']) }

You can also test the reverse direction of the relationship, so if you have the following bit of Puppet code

notify { 'foo': }
notify { 'bar':
  before => Notify['foo'],
}

You can test that Notify[bar] comes before Notify[foo]

it { is_expected.to contain_notify('bar').that_comes_before('Notify[foo]') }

Or, you can test that Notify[foo] requires Notify[bar]

it { is_expected.to contain_notify('foo').that_requires('Notify[bar]') }

Match target syntax

Note that this notation does not support any of the features you're used from the puppet language. Only a single resource with a single, unquoted title can be referenced here. Class names need to be always fully qualified and not have the leading ::. It currently does not support inline arrays or quoting.

These work

• Notify[foo]
• Class[profile::apache]

These will not work

• Notify['foo']
• Notify[foo, bar]
• Class[::profile::apache]

Recursive dependencies

The relationship matchers are recursive in two directions:

• vertical recursion, which checks for dependencies with parents of the resource (i.e. the resource is contained, directly or not, in the class involved in the relationship). E.g. where Package['foo'] comes before File['/foo']:

class { 'foo::install': } ->
class { 'foo::config': }

class foo::install {
  package { 'foo': }
}

class foo::config {
  file { '/foo': }
}

• horizontal recursion, which follows indirect dependencies (dependencies of dependencies). E.g. where Yumrepo['foo'] comes before File['/foo']:

class { 'foo::repo': } ->
class { 'foo::install': } ->
class { 'foo::config': }

class foo::repo {
  yumrepo { 'foo': }
}

class foo::install {
  package { 'foo': }
}

class foo::config {
  file { '/foo': }
}

Autorequires

Autorequires are considered in dependency checks.

Type matcher

When testing custom types, the be_valid_type matcher provides a range of expectations:

• with_provider(<provider_name>): check that the right provider was selected
• with_properties(<property_list>): check that the specified properties are available
• with_parameters(<parameter_list>): check that the specified parameters are available
• with_features(<feature_list>): check that the specified features are available
• with_set_attributes(<param_value_hash>): check that the specified attributes are set

Type alias matchers

When testing type aliases, the allow_value and allow_values matchers are used to check if the alias accepts particular values or not:

describe 'MyModule::Shape' do
  it { is_expected.to allow_value('square') }
  it { is_expected.to allow_values('circle', 'triangle') }
  it { is_expected.not_to allow_value('blue') }
end

Writing tests

Basic test structure

To test that

sysctl { 'baz'
  value => 'foo',
}

Will cause the following resource to be in included in catalogue for a host

exec { 'sysctl/reload':
  command => '/sbin/sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf',
}

We can write the following testcase (in spec/defines/sysctl_spec.rb)

describe 'sysctl' do
  let(:title) { 'baz' }
  let(:params) { { 'value' => 'foo' } }

  it { is_expected.to contain_exec('sysctl/reload').with_command("/sbin/sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf") }
end

Specifying the title of a resource

let(:title) { 'foo' }

Specifying the parameters to pass to a resources or parameterised class

Parameters of a defined type or class can be passed defining :params in a let, and passing it a hash as seen below.

let(:params) { {'ensure' => 'present', ...} }

For passing Puppet's undef as a paremeter value, you can simply use :undef and it will be translated to undef when compiling. For example:

let(:params) { {'user' => :undef, ...} }

For passing a sensitive value you can use the sensitive function with a value in brackets. For example

let(:params) { {'password' =>sensitive('secret') } }

For references to nodes or resources as seen when using require or before properties, you can pass the string as an argument to the ref helper:

let(:params) { 'require' => ref('Package', 'sudoku') }

Which translates to:

mydefine { 'mytitle': require => Package['sudoku'] }

Specifying the FQDN of the test node

If the manifest you're testing expects to run on host with a particular name, you can specify this as follows

let(:node) { 'testhost.example.com' }

Specifying the environment name

If the manifest you're testing expects to evaluate the environment name, you can specify this as follows

let(:environment) { 'production' }

Specifying the facts that should be available to your manifest

By default, the test environment contains no facts for your manifest to use. You can set them with a hash

let(:facts) { {'operatingsystem' => 'Debian', 'kernel' => 'Linux', ...} }

Facts may be expressed as a value (shown in the previous example) or a structure. Fact keys may be expressed as either symbols or strings. A key will be converted to a lower case string to align with the Facter standard

let(:facts) { {'os' => { 'family' => 'RedHat', 'release' => { 'major' => '7', 'minor' => '1', 'full' => '7.1.1503' } } } }

You can also create a set of default facts provided to all specs in your spec_helper:

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.default_facts = {
    'operatingsystem' => 'Ubuntu'
  }
end

Any facts you provide with let(:facts) in a spec will automatically be merged on top of the default facts.

Specifying top-scope variables that should be available to your manifest

You can create top-scope variables much in the same way as an ENC.

let(:node_params) { { 'hostgroup' => 'webservers', 'rack' => 'KK04', 'status' => 'maintenance' } }

You can also create a set of default top-scope variables provided to all specs in your spec_helper:

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.default_node_params = {
    'owner'  => 'itprod',
    'site'   => 'ams4',
    'status' => 'live'
  }
end

Specifying extra code to load (pre-conditions)

If the manifest being tested relies on another class or variables to be set, these can be added via a pre-condition. This code will be evaluated before the tested class.

let(:pre_condition) { 'include other_class' }

This may be useful when testing classes that are modular, e.g. testing apache::mod::foo which relies on a top-level apache class being included first.

The value may be a raw string to be inserted into the Puppet manifest, or an array of strings (manifest fragments) that will be concatenated.

Specifying extra code to load (post-conditions)

In some cases, you may need to ensure that the code that you are testing comes before another set of code. Similar to the :pre_condition hook, you can add a :post_condition hook that will ensure that the added code is evaluated after the tested class.

let(:post_condition) { 'include other_class' }

This may be useful when testing classes that are modular, e.g. testing class do_strange_things::to_the_catalog which must come before class foo.

The value may be a raw string to be inserted into the Puppet manifest, or an array of strings (manifest fragments) that will be concatenated.

Specifying the path to find your modules

I recommend setting a default module path by adding the following code to your spec_helper.rb

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.module_path = '/path/to/your/module/dir'
end

However, if you want to specify it in each example, you can do so

let(:module_path) { '/path/to/your/module/dir' }

Specifying trusted facts

The trusted facts hash will have the standard trusted fact keys (certname, domain, and hostname) populated based on the node name (as set with :node).

By default, the test environment contains no custom trusted facts (as usually obtained from certificate extensions) and found in the extensions key. If you need to test against specific custom certificate extensions you can set those with a hash. The hash will then be available in $trusted['extensions']

let(:trusted_facts) { {'pp_uuid' => 'ED803750-E3C7-44F5-BB08-41A04433FE2E', '1.3.6.1.4.1.34380.1.2.1' => 'ssl-termination'} }

You can also create a set of default certificate extensions provided to all specs in your spec_helper:

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.default_trusted_facts = {
    'pp_uuid'                 => 'ED803750-E3C7-44F5-BB08-41A04433FE2E',
    '1.3.6.1.4.1.34380.1.2.1' => 'ssl-termination'
  }
end

Specifying trusted external data

The trusted facts hash will have an external key for trusted external data.

By default, the test environment contains no trusted external data (as usually obtained from trusted external commands and found in the external key). If you need to test against specific trusted external data you can set those with a hash. The hash will then be available in $trusted['external']

let(:trusted_external_data) { {'foo' => 'bar'} }

You can also create a set of default trusted external data provided to all specs in your spec_helper:

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.default_trusted_external_data = {
    'foo' => 'bar'
  }
end

Testing Exported Resources

You can test if a resource was exported from the catalogue by using the exported_resources accessor in combination with any of the standard matchers.

You can use exported_resources as the subject of a child context:

context 'exported resources' do
  subject { exported_resources }

  it { is_expected.to contain_file('foo') }
end

You can also use exported_resources directly in a test:

it { expect(exported_resources).to contain_file('foo') }

Functions

Matchers

All of the standard RSpec matchers are available for you to use when testing Puppet functions.

it 'should be able to do something' do
  subject.execute('foo') == 'bar'
end

For your convenience though, a run matcher exists to provide easier to understand test cases.

it { is_expected.to run.with_params('foo').and_return('bar') }

Writing tests

Basic test structure

require 'spec_helper'

describe '<function name>' do
  ...
end

Specifying the name of the function to test

The name of the function must be provided in the top level description, e.g.

describe 'split' do

Specifying the arguments to pass to the function

You can specify the arguments to pass to your function during the test(s) using either the with_params chain method in the run matcher

it { is_expected.to run.with_params('foo', 'bar', ['baz']) }

Or by using the execute method on the subject directly

it 'something' do
  subject.execute('foo', 'bar', ['baz'])
end

Passing lambdas to the function

A lambda (block) can be passed to functions that support either a required or optional lambda by passing a block to the with_lambda chain method in the run matcher.

it { is_expected.to run.with_lambda { |x| x * 2 }

Testing the results of the function

You can test the result of a function (if it produces one) using either the and_returns chain method in the run matcher

it { is_expected.to run.with_params('foo').and_return('bar') }

Or by using any of the existing RSpec matchers on the subject directly

it 'something' do
  subject.execute('foo') == 'bar'
  subject.execute('baz').should be_an Array
end

Testing the errors thrown by the function

You can test whether the function throws an exception using either the and_raises_error chain method in the run matcher

it { is_expected.to run.with_params('a', 'b').and_raise_error(Puppet::ParseError) }
it { is_expected.not_to run.with_params('a').and_raise_error(Puppet::ParseError) }

Or by using the existing raises_error RSpec matcher

it 'something' do
  expect { subject.execute('a', 'b') }.should raise_error(Puppet::ParseError)
  expect { subject.execute('a') }.should_not raise_error(Puppet::ParseError)
end

Accessing the parser scope where the function is running

Some complex functions require access to the current parser's scope, e.g. for stubbing other parts of the system.

context 'when called with top-scope vars foo and bar set' do
  before do
    # :lookupvar is the method on scope that puppet calls internally to
    # resolve the value of a variable.
    allow(scope).to receive(:lookupvar).and_call_original
    allow(scope).to receive(:lookupvar).with('::foo').and_return('Hello')
    allow(scope).to receive(:lookupvar).with('::bar').and_return('World')
  end

  it { is_expected.to run.with_params().and_return('Hello World') }
end

Note that this does not work when testing manifests which use custom functions. Instead, you'll need to create a replacement function directly.

before(:each) do
    Puppet::Parser::Functions.newfunction(:custom_function, :type => :rvalue) { |args|
        raise ArgumentError, 'expected foobar' unless args[0] == 'foobar'
        'expected value'
    }
end

Hiera integration

At some point, you might want to make use of Hiera to bring in custom parameters for your class tests. In this section, we will provide you with basic guidance to setup Hiera implementation within rspec testing. For more information on Hiera, you should check our official documentation.

Configuration

The first step is to create the general hiera configuration file. Since we want this to be exclusive for testing, we recommend creating it inside your spec folder. Something along the lines of spec/fixtures/hiera/hiera-rspec.yaml. It should look something like this:

---
version: 5
defaults:               # Used for any hierarchy level that omits these keys.
  datadir: data         # This path is relative to hiera.yaml's directory.
  data_hash: yaml_data  # Use the built-in YAML backend.

hierarchy:
  - name: 'rspec'
    path: 'rspec-data.yaml'

It is often recommended to use dummy data during testing to avoid real values from being entangled. In order to create these values, we will need a new file containing this data exclusively, normally existing within a subfolder called data, ending up with spec/fixtures/hiera/data/rspec-data.yaml. Here is an example of its contents:

---
# We will be using this data in later examples
message: 'Hello world!'
dummy:message2: 'foobar' # autoloaded parameter

Finally, we make the target class spec file load the Hiera config, at which point we will be able to freely access it:

let(:hiera_config) { 'spec/fixtures/hiera/hiera-rspec.yaml' }

Or alternatively, you could load the hiera configuration in the spec_helper to ensure it is available through all test files:

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.hiera_config = 'spec/fixtures/hiera/hiera-rspec.yaml'
end

Test usage examples

Unlike with Hiera 3, Hiera 5 comes packaged with our Puppet agent and runs during Puppet runtime. This means that it is not really possible to call the lookup function in the same way it previously worked. However, you can still test its functionality via dummy class instantiation:

The following test creates a dummny class that uses the lookup function within it. This should allow you to confirm that the lookup() function works correctly (remember that this test uses your custom hiera parameters, and not your real ones).

context 'dummy hiera test is implemented' do
      let(:pre_condition) do
        "class dummy($message) { }
         class { 'dummy': message => lookup('message') }"
      end
      let(:hiera_config) { 'spec/fixtures/hiera/hiera-rspec.yaml' } # Only needed if the config has not been established in spec_helper

      it { is_expected.to compile }

      it 'loads ntpserver from Hiera' do
        is_expected.to contain_class('dummy').with_message('Hello world!')
      end
    end

The next test ensures that autoloaded parameters work correctly within your classes:

    context 'dummy hiera test is implemented a second time' do
      let(:pre_condition) do
        "class dummy($message2) { }
        include dummy"
      end
      let(:hiera_config) { 'spec/fixtures/hiera/hiera-rspec.yaml' } # Only needed if the config has not been established in spec_helper

      it { is_expected.to compile }

      it 'loads ntpserver from Hiera' do
        is_expected.to contain_class('dummy').with_message2('foobar')
      end
    end

Please note: In-module hiera data depends on having a correct metadata.json file. It is strongly recommended that you use metadata-json-lint to automatically check your metadata.json file before running rspec.

Producing coverage reports

You can output a basic resource coverage report with the following in your spec_helper.rb

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.after(:suite) do
    RSpec::Puppet::Coverage.report!
  end
end

This checks which Puppet resources have been explicitly checked as part of the current test run and outputs both a coverage percentage and a list of untouched resources.

A desired code coverage level can be provided. If this level is not achieved, a test failure will be raised. This can be used with a CI service, such as Jenkins or Bamboo, to enforce code coverage. The following example requires the code coverage to be at least 95%.

RSpec.configure do |c|
  c.after(:suite) do
    RSpec::Puppet::Coverage.report!(95)
  end
end

Resources declared outside of the module being tested (i.e. forge dependencies) are automatically removed from the coverage report.

Related projects

• puppetlabs_spec_helper: shared spec helpers to setup puppet
• Fact providers
  • rspec-puppet-facts: Simplify your unit tests by looping on every supported Operating System and populating facts.

For a list of other module development tools see DevX Tools, or from our trusted Voxpupuli community here.

Reporting bugs or incorrect results

If you find a bug in Puppet Lint or its results, please create an issue in the repo issues tracker. Bonus points will be awarded if you also include a patch that fixes the issue.

Development

If you run into an issue with this tool or would like to request a feature you can raise a PR with your suggested changes. Alternatively, you can raise a Github issue with a feature request or to report any bugs. Every other Tuesday the DevX team holds office hours in the Puppet Community Slack, where you can ask questions about this and any other supported tools. This session runs at 15:00 (GMT/BST) for about an hour.

If you have problems getting this tool up and running, please contact Support.

License

This codebase is licensed under Apache 2.0. However, the open source dependencies included in this codebase might be subject to other software licenses such as AGPL, GPL2.0, and MIT.

Thank you

Many thanks to the original author of rspec-puppet Tim Sharpe (@rodjek).