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doublestar
Path pattern matching and globbing supporting doublestar (**) patterns.
About
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doublestar is a golang implementation of path pattern matching and
globbing with support for "doublestar" (aka globstar: **) patterns.
doublestar patterns match files and directories recursively. For example, if you had the following directory structure:
grandparent
`-- parent
|-- child1
`-- child2
You could find the children with patterns such as: **/child*,
grandparent/**/child?, **/parent/*, or even just ** by itself (which will
return all files and directories recursively).
Bash's globstar is doublestar's inspiration and, as such, works similarly.
Note that the doublestar must appear as a path component by itself. A pattern
such as /path** is invalid and will be treated the same as /path*, but
/path*/** should achieve the desired result. Additionally, /path/** will
match all directories and files under the path directory, but /path/**/ will
only match directories.
v4 is a complete rewrite with a focus on performance. Additionally, doublestar has been updated to use the new io/fs package for filesystem access. As a result, it is only supported by golang v1.16+.
Installation
doublestar can be installed via go get:
go get github.com/bmatcuk/doublestar/v4
To use it in your code, you must import it:
import "github.com/bmatcuk/doublestar/v4"
Usage
ErrBadPattern
doublestar.ErrBadPattern
Returned by various functions to report that the pattern is malformed. At the
moment, this value is equal to path.ErrBadPattern, but, for portability, this
equivalence should probably not be relied upon.
Match
func Match(pattern, name string) (bool, error)
Match returns true if name matches the file name pattern (see
"patterns"). name and pattern are split on forward slash (/) characters
and may be relative or absolute.
Match requires pattern to match all of name, not just a substring. The only
possible returned error is ErrBadPattern, when pattern is malformed.
Note: this is meant as a drop-in replacement for path.Match() which always
uses '/' as the path separator. If you want to support systems which use a
different path separator (such as Windows), what you want is PathMatch().
Alternatively, you can run filepath.ToSlash() on both pattern and name and
then use this function.
Note: users should not count on the returned error,
doublestar.ErrBadPattern, being equal to path.ErrBadPattern.
MatchUnvalidated
func MatchUnvalidated(pattern, name string) bool
MatchUnvalidated can provide a small performance improvement if you don't care
about whether or not the pattern is valid (perhaps because you already ran
ValidatePattern). Note that there's really only one case where this
performance improvement is realized: when pattern matching reaches the end of
name before reaching the end of pattern, such as Match("a/b/c", "a").
PathMatch
func PathMatch(pattern, name string) (bool, error)
PathMatch returns true if name matches the file name pattern (see
"patterns"). The difference between Match and PathMatch is that PathMatch will
automatically use your system's path separator to split name and pattern.
On systems where the path separator is '\', escaping will be disabled.
Note: this is meant as a drop-in replacement for filepath.Match(). It assumes
that both pattern and name are using the system's path separator. If you
can't be sure of that, use filepath.ToSlash() on both pattern and name,
and then use the Match() function instead.
PathMatchUnvalidated
func PathMatchUnvalidated(pattern, name string) bool
PathMatchUnvalidated can provide a small performance improvement if you don't
care about whether or not the pattern is valid (perhaps because you already ran
ValidatePattern). Note that there's really only one case where this
performance improvement is realized: when pattern matching reaches the end of
name before reaching the end of pattern, such as Match("a/b/c", "a").
GlobOption
Options that may be passed to Glob, GlobWalk, or FilepathGlob. Any number
of options may be passed to these functions, and in any order, as the last
argument(s).
WithFailOnIOErrors()
If passed, doublestar will abort and return IO errors when encountered. Note
that if the glob pattern references a path that does not exist (such as
nonexistent/path/*), this is not considered an IO error: it is considered a
pattern with no matches.
WithFailOnPatternNotExist()
If passed, doublestar will abort and return doublestar.ErrPatternNotExist if
the pattern references a path that does not exist before any meta characters
such as nonexistent/path/*. Note that alts (ie, {...}) are expanded before
this check. In other words, a pattern such as {a,b}/* may fail if either a
or b do not exist but */{a,b} will never fail because the star may match
nothing.
WithFilesOnly()
If passed, doublestar will only return "files" from Glob, GlobWalk, or
FilepathGlob. In this context, "files" are anything that is not a directory
or a symlink to a directory.
Note: if combined with the WithNoFollow option, symlinks to directories will be included in the result since no attempt is made to follow the symlink.
WithNoFollow()
If passed, doublestar will not follow symlinks while traversing the filesystem.
However, due to io/fs's very poor support for querying the filesystem about
symlinks, there's a caveat here: if part of the pattern before any meta
characters contains a reference to a symlink, it will be followed. For example,
a pattern such as path/to/symlink/* will be followed assuming it is a valid
symlink to a directory. However, from this same example, a pattern such as
path/to/** will not traverse the symlink, nor would path/*/symlink/*
Note: if combined with the WithFilesOnly option, symlinks to directories will be included in the result since no attempt is made to follow the symlink.
Glob
func Glob(fsys fs.FS, pattern string, opts ...GlobOption) ([]string, error)
Glob returns the names of all files matching pattern or nil if there is no
matching file. The syntax of patterns is the same as in Match(). The pattern
may describe hierarchical names such as usr/*/bin/ed.
Glob ignores file system errors such as I/O errors reading directories by
default. The only possible returned error is ErrBadPattern, reporting that
the pattern is malformed.
To enable aborting on I/O errors, the WithFailOnIOErrors option can be
passed.
Note: this is meant as a drop-in replacement for io/fs.Glob(). Like
io/fs.Glob(), this function assumes that your pattern uses / as the path
separator even if that's not correct for your OS (like Windows). If you aren't
sure if that's the case, you can use filepath.ToSlash() on your pattern
before calling Glob().
Like io/fs.Glob(), patterns containing /./, /../, or starting with /
will return no results and no errors. This seems to be a conscious
decision,
even if counter-intuitive. You can use SplitPattern to divide a pattern into
a base path (to initialize an FS object) and pattern.
Note: users should not count on the returned error,
doublestar.ErrBadPattern, being equal to path.ErrBadPattern.
GlobWalk
type GlobWalkFunc func(path string, d fs.DirEntry) error
func GlobWalk(fsys fs.FS, pattern string, fn GlobWalkFunc, opts ...GlobOption) error
GlobWalk calls the callback function fn for every file matching pattern. The
syntax of pattern is the same as in Match() and the behavior is the same as
Glob(), with regard to limitations (such as patterns containing /./, /../,
or starting with /). The pattern may describe hierarchical names such as
usr/*/bin/ed.
GlobWalk may have a small performance benefit over Glob if you do not need a
slice of matches because it can avoid allocating memory for the matches.
Additionally, GlobWalk gives you access to the fs.DirEntry objects for each
match, and lets you quit early by returning a non-nil error from your callback
function. Like io/fs.WalkDir, if your callback returns SkipDir, GlobWalk
will skip the current directory. This means that if the current path is a
directory, GlobWalk will not recurse into it. If the current path is not a
directory, the rest of the parent directory will be skipped.
GlobWalk ignores file system errors such as I/O errors reading directories by
default. GlobWalk may return ErrBadPattern, reporting that the pattern is
malformed.
To enable aborting on I/O errors, the WithFailOnIOErrors option can be
passed.
Additionally, if the callback function fn returns an error, GlobWalk will
exit immediately and return that error.
Like Glob(), this function assumes that your pattern uses / as the path
separator even if that's not correct for your OS (like Windows). If you aren't
sure if that's the case, you can use filepath.ToSlash() on your pattern before
calling GlobWalk().
Note: users should not count on the returned error,
doublestar.ErrBadPattern, being equal to path.ErrBadPattern.
FilepathGlob
func FilepathGlob(pattern string, opts ...GlobOption) (matches []string, err error)
FilepathGlob returns the names of all files matching pattern or nil if there is no matching file. The syntax of pattern is the same as in Match(). The pattern may describe hierarchical names such as usr/*/bin/ed.
FilepathGlob ignores file system errors such as I/O errors reading directories
by default. The only possible returned error is ErrBadPattern, reporting that
the pattern is malformed.
To enable aborting on I/O errors, the WithFailOnIOErrors option can be
passed.
Note: FilepathGlob is a convenience function that is meant as a drop-in
replacement for path/filepath.Glob() for users who don't need the
complication of io/fs. Basically, it:
- Runs
filepath.Clean()andToSlash()on the pattern - Runs
SplitPattern()to get a base path and a pattern to Glob - Creates an FS object from the base path and
Glob()son the pattern - Joins the base path with all of the matches from
Glob()
Returned paths will use the system's path separator, just like
filepath.Glob().
Note: the returned error doublestar.ErrBadPattern is not equal to
filepath.ErrBadPattern.
SplitPattern
func SplitPattern(p string) (base, pattern string)
SplitPattern is a utility function. Given a pattern, SplitPattern will return
two strings: the first string is everything up to the last slash (/) that
appears before any unescaped "meta" characters (ie, *?[{). The second
string is everything after that slash. For example, given the pattern:
../../path/to/meta*/**
^----------- split here
SplitPattern returns "../../path/to" and "meta*/**". This is useful for
initializing os.DirFS() to call Glob() because Glob() will silently fail if
your pattern includes /./ or /../. For example:
base, pattern := SplitPattern("../../path/to/meta*/**")
fsys := os.DirFS(base)
matches, err := Glob(fsys, pattern)
If SplitPattern cannot find somewhere to split the pattern (for example,
meta*/**), it will return "." and the unaltered pattern (meta*/** in this
example).
Of course, it is your responsibility to decide if the returned base path is "safe" in the context of your application. Perhaps you could use Match() to validate against a list of approved base directories?
ValidatePattern
func ValidatePattern(s string) bool
Validate a pattern. Patterns are validated while they run in Match(), PathMatch(), and Glob(), so, you normally wouldn't need to call this. However, there are cases where this might be useful: for example, if your program allows a user to enter a pattern that you'll run at a later time, you might want to validate it.
ValidatePattern assumes your pattern uses '/' as the path separator.
ValidatePathPattern
func ValidatePathPattern(s string) bool
Like ValidatePattern, only uses your OS path separator. In other words, use ValidatePattern if you would normally use Match() or Glob(). Use ValidatePathPattern if you would normally use PathMatch(). Keep in mind, Glob() requires '/' separators, even if your OS uses something else.
Patterns
doublestar supports the following special terms in the patterns:
| Special Terms | Meaning |
|---|---|
* | matches any sequence of non-path-separators |
/**/ | matches zero or more directories |
? | matches any single non-path-separator character |
[class] | matches any single non-path-separator character against a class of characters (see "character classes") |
{alt1,...} | matches a sequence of characters if one of the comma-separated alternatives matches |
Any character with a special meaning can be escaped with a backslash (\).
A doublestar (**) should appear surrounded by path separators such as /**/.
A mid-pattern doublestar (**) behaves like bash's globstar option: a pattern
such as path/to/**.txt would return the same results as path/to/*.txt. The
pattern you're looking for is path/to/**/*.txt.
Character Classes
Character classes support the following:
| Class | Meaning |
|---|---|
[abc] | matches any single character within the set |
[a-z] | matches any single character in the range |
[^class] | matches any single character which does not match the class |
[!class] | same as ^: negates the class |
Performance
goos: darwin
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/bmatcuk/doublestar/v4
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4870HQ CPU @ 2.50GHz
BenchmarkMatch-8 285639 3868 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoMatch-8 286945 3726 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkPathMatch-8 320511 3493 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoPathMatch-8 304236 3434 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
BenchmarkGlob-8 466 2501123 ns/op 190225 B/op 2849 allocs/op
BenchmarkGlobWalk-8 476 2536293 ns/op 184017 B/op 2750 allocs/op
BenchmarkGoGlob-8 463 2574836 ns/op 194249 B/op 2929 allocs/op
These benchmarks (in doublestar_test.go) compare Match() to path.Match(),
PathMath() to filepath.Match(), and Glob() + GlobWalk() to io/fs.Glob(). They
only run patterns that the standard go packages can understand as well (so, no
{alts} or **) for a fair comparison. Of course, alts and doublestars will
be less performant than the other pattern meta characters.
Alts are essentially like running multiple patterns, the number of which can get large if your pattern has alts nested inside alts. This affects both matching (ie, Match()) and globbing (Glob()).
** performance in matching is actually pretty similar to a regular *, but
can cause a large number of reads when globbing as it will need to recursively
traverse your filesystem.
Sponsors
I started this project in 2014 in my spare time and have been maintaining it ever since. In that time, it has grown into one of the most popular globbing libraries in the Go ecosystem. So, if doublestar is a useful library in your project, consider sponsoring my work! I'd really appreciate it!
Thanks for sponsoring me!