Awesome

Obiwan.py

what is obiwan?

[blogpost] http://williamedwardscoder.tumblr.com/post/33185451698/obiwan-typescript-for-python

Obiwan is a Python type-checker. You place descriptive type constraints in your function declarations and obiwan can check them for you at runtime.

A function can look like:

def example(a: int, b: float) -> number:
    return a/b

Obiwan is also exemplary for describing and checking external data e.g. JSON and msgpack, and has a json parser that does this.

Obiwan machinary can also be used for checking contracts, constraints and expectations in normal code rather as an assert.

My ambition is that this Obiwan syntax is widely adopted and eventually Python static type checkers support it and IDEs can do auto-complete ala Typescript.

To enable obiwan, you just call it:

from obiwan import *; install_obiwan_runtime_check()

(Obiwan attaches to the Python VM using settrace(). You need to call the installer in each thread you want checked)

you are now running obiwan! Runtime execution will be slower, but annotated functions will be checked for parameter correctness!

All strings in your function annotations are ignored; you can place documentation in annotations without impacting obiwan.

maturity

The dictionary and list checking code is based upon a tried-and-tested JSON validator.

The integration with Python 3 function annotations is new and the function and duck type checking is new. Improvements and patches welcome!

validating dictionaries and lists

You can also describe dictionary parameters and what their expected attributes are:

def example(obj: {"a":int, "b": float}) -> {"ret": number}:
    return {"ret": a/b}
    

Checking can support the checking of optional and noneable attributes:

def example(obj: {"a":int, optional("b"): float}):
    ...
    

Checks can contain dictionary and other attributes too:

def example(person: {"name":str, "phone": {"type":str, "number":str}}):
    ...
    

Dictionaries can be checked for key and value types, as well as by key name. E.g. to ensure that a function returns only dictionaries mapping strings to integers:

def example() -> {str: int}:
    ...
    

You can specify alternative constraint types using sets:

def example(x: {int,float}):
    ...
    

In fact, number type is just a set of int and float. And noneable is just a way of saying {...,None}

Lists mean that the attribute must be an array where each element matches the constraint e.g.:

def example(numbers: [int]):
    ...
    

And sets which must be all of one type can be specified with a set containing a single element:

def example(x: {str}):
    ...
    

Tuples must map to lists or tuples (no destructive iterators!) with the appropriate types in each slot:

def nearest_point_on_line(line:((int,int),(int,int)),pt:(int,int)) -> (int,int):

Within tuples you can use any to indicate that a type needs not be checked, and you can use ellipsis as the last element in the type-defintion tuple to indicate that additional parameters are allowed:

def decode_data(data: str) -> (str,any,int,...):
    

It aids readability to use variables to hold definitions e.g.:

Point = (int,int)
def nearest_point_on_line(line:(Point,Point),pt:Point) -> Point:

and:

api_add_user = {
    "name": str,
    "admin": bool,
}
def add_user(user: api_add_user) -> int:
    ...
    

Dict templates can have a special options key which is a list of options. Options include strict and subtype:

api_base = {
    "user_id": int,
}
api_set_name = {
    options: [strict, subtype(api_base)],
    "name": str,
}

Strict will complain if the dictionary being validated contains any keys not in the template dictionary, and subtype will combine parameters specified in other dictionary templates with this template. In this example, dictionaries validated against api_set_name must have both user_id and name specified, and no other keys.

You can specify multiple parent templates in the subtype arguments, and have multiple subtype options, and nest template inheritence arbitrarily deep.

validating JSON

Utility functions to load and dump JSON are provided. These support a new template parameter and validate the input/output matches the constraint e.g.:

json.loads(tainted, template=[api_add_user])

json.loads(tainted, template={"type": str, "data": { ....

if it quacks like a duck...

In Python 3 everything is an object, even int and None. So you can't generically say that an argument or attribute must be an object. You have to say what its attributes should be. This follows the same style as validating dictionaries, but uses the duck type and keyword arguments to define:

def example(a: duck(name=str,get_name=function)):
    ...
    

This means that a must be something with a name attribute of type string, and a function attribute called get_name.

You can of course use classes to:

class Person:
   def get_name(self):
      ...

def example(person: Person):
    ...
    

duck instances can extend other duck instances using positional parameters:

api_base = duck(user_id=int)
api_change_name = duck(api_base, name=str)
def change_name(user: api_change_name):
    ...
    

validating callbacks

You can say that a parameter is callable using function:

def example(callback: function):
    ...
    

If you want, you can describe the parameters that the function should take:

def example(callback: function(int,str)):
    ...
    

However, all the functions passed to example8 must now be properly annotated with a matching annotation.

The special type any can be used if you do not want to check the type:

def example(callback: function(int,any,number)):
    ...
    

You can also specify that a function should support further arguments using ellipsis:

def example(callback: function(int,any,...)):
    ...
    

This will ensure that all callbacks have at least two parameters, the first being an int.

using lambdas as checkers

You can use lambdas as checkers; they should return a boolean condition e.g.

template = {
    'month': lambda x: x in ["jan","feb","mar",...],
    ...
}

writing your own custom checkers

You can provide your own complex custom constraint checkers by subclassing the ObiwanCheck class; look at obiwan.StringCheck for inspiration.