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[T-PAMI'23] CCVPE: Convolutional Cross-View Pose Estimation

[Arxiv] [Paper] [Demo Video] [BibTeX]

This work is an extension of "Visual Cross-View Metric Localization with Dense Uncertainty Estimates, ECCV2022"

Demo video of per-frame pose estimation on Oxford RobotCar traversals with different weather and lighting conditions

Pose estimation (localization + orientation estimation) on images with different horizontal field-of-view (HFoV). From left to right: HFoV= $360^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, $108^{\circ}$

<img src="figures/VIGOR_HFOV360.gif" width="300" height="450"/> <img src="figures/VIGOR_HFOV180.gif" width="300" height="450"/> <img src="figures/VIGOR_HFOV108.gif" width="300" height="450"/>

Abstract

We propose a novel end-to-end method for cross-view pose estimation. Given a ground-level query image and an aerial image that covers the query's local neighborhood, the 3 Degrees-of-Freedom camera pose of the query is estimated by matching its image descriptor to descriptors of local regions within the aerial image. The orientation-aware descriptors are obtained by using a translational equivariant convolutional ground image encoder and contrastive learning. The Localization Decoder produces a dense probability distribution in a coarse-to-fine manner with a novel Localization Matching Upsampling module. A smaller Orientation Decoder produces a vector field to condition the orientation estimate on the localization. Our method is validated on the VIGOR and KITTI datasets, where it surpasses the state-of-the-art baseline by 72% and 36% in median localization error for comparable orientation estimation accuracy. The predicted probability distribution can represent localization ambiguity, and enables rejecting possible erroneous predictions. Without re-training, the model can infer on ground images with different field of views and utilize orientation priors if available. On the Oxford RobotCar dataset, our method can reliably estimate the ego-vehicle's pose over time, achieving a median localization error under 1 meter and a median orientation error of around 1 degree at 14 FPS.

Datasets

VIGOR dataset can be found at https://github.com/Jeff-Zilence/VIGOR. We use the revised ground truth from https://github.com/tudelft-iv/SliceMatch <br /> KITTI dataset can be found at https://github.com/shiyujiao/HighlyAccurate <br /> For Oxford RobotCar, the aerial image is provided by https://github.com/tudelft-iv/CrossViewMetricLocalization, the ground images are from https://robotcar-dataset.robots.ox.ac.uk/datasets/

Models

Our trained models are available at: https://surfdrive.surf.nl/files/index.php/s/cbyPn7NQoOOzlqp

Training and testing

Training or testing on VIGOR dataset: <br /> samearea split: python train_VIGOR.py --area samearea <br /> crossarea split: python train_VIGOR.py --area crossarea <br /> For testing, add argument --training False <br /> For testing with an orientation prior that contains up to $X^{\circ}$ noise, e.g. for $[-72^{\circ}, +72^{\circ}]$ noise, add the argument --ori_noise 72. $X=0$ corresponds to testing with known orientation <br /> For testing with images with a limited HFoV, e.g. $180^{\circ}$, add the argument --FoV 180

Training on KITTI dataset: python train_KITTI.py <br /> For testing, add argument --training False <br /> For training or testing with an orientation prior, e.g. $[-10^{\circ}, +10^{\circ}]$, add argument --rotation_range 10 <br /> We also provide the model trained with $[-10^{\circ}, +10^{\circ}]$ orientation prior, please change the test_model_path in train_KITTI.py

Training or testing on Oxford RobotCar dataset: <br /> python train_OxfordRobotCar.py or python train_OxfordRobotCar.py --training False

Visualize qualitative results

Visualize qualitative results on VIGOR same-area or cross-area test set: <br /> python visualize_qualitative_results_VIGOR.py --area samearea --ori_prior 180 --idx 0 <br /> idx: image index in VIGOR test set <br /> ori_prior: $X$ means assuming known orientation with $[-X^{\circ}, +X^{\circ}]$ noise, $X=180$ stands for no orientation prior

Citation

@ARTICLE{10373898,
  author={Xia, Zimin and Booij, Olaf and Kooij, Julian F. P.},
  journal={IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence}, 
  title={Convolutional Cross-View Pose Estimation}, 
  year={2024},
  volume={46},
  number={5},
  pages={3813-3831},
  keywords={Location awareness;Cameras;Pose estimation;Task analysis;Feature extraction;Image retrieval;Decoding;Aerial imagery;camera pose estimation;cross-view matching;localization;orientation estimation},
  doi={10.1109/TPAMI.2023.3346924}}