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SmartContracts-audit-checklist

A checklist of things to look for when auditing Solidity smart contracts.

This is not a comprehensive list and solidity is quickly evolving so please do due dilegence on your part.

Not all listed items will apply to your specific smart contract.

Audit Scoping

Before starting the audits you need to know about the projects codebase. You can easily do this task using Consensys's Solidity-Code-Metrics.

Here the details, How you can easy understand the projets scop.

🌐 npm install solidity-code-metrics

The number-crunching enginge behind 📊tintinweb.solidity-metrics.

Also, some helpers mention here it's can help before audit.

SLoc (cloc)

$ cloc */
      86 text files.
    86 unique files.
     1 file ignored.

github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.82  T=0.24 s (354.5 files/s, 86952.0 lines/s)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Language                     files          blank        comment           code
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solidity                        72           3027           6000          10274
TypeScript                      13            223             86           1239
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUM:                            85           3250           6086          11513
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

number of solidity files

$ find . -name '*.sol' | wc -l
72

Lines of code per solidity file

$ find . -name '*.sol' | xargs wc -l
 137 ./contracts/BaseJumpRateModelV2.sol
  84 ./contracts/CarefulMath.sol
  39 ./contracts/CErc20Immutable.sol
 190 ./contracts/CEther.sol
...

 148 ./contracts/Unitroller.sol
  85 ./contracts/WhitePaperInterestRateModel.sol
19293 total

SHA256 hash of files

$ shasum -a 256 contracts/*.sol
32111c1b2bcdb051fa5c2564cd2a5e0662e699472ca5373499f67dca9c71cf47  contracts/BaseJumpRateModelV2.sol
c98ee33d13672016db21d4d6353b45eccb5c9f77499df77c254574a0481c0c03  contracts/CDaiDelegate.sol
650bdf61c685b50b3f016553f822c35b4c605a0c477791b35f3de0a7cb61d390  contracts/CNft.sol

...

a56f8cf884f0bceb918bbb078aaa5cd3ef90002323787729d70fdee6b4a1c602  contracts/Unitroller.sol
b5d06e0d725b01ecb8d0b88aa89300ddc0399904d84915a311f42f96970ba997  contracts/WhitePaperInterestRateModel.sol

some of external calls in solidity files

$ egrep '\.\w*\(.*\)' contracts/* -nr
contracts/BaseJumpRateModelV2.sol:85:        return borrows.mul(1e18).div(cash.add(borrows).sub(reserves));
contracts/BaseJumpRateModelV2.sol:116:        uint oneMinusReserveFactor = uint(1e18).sub(reserveFactorMantissa);
contracts/BaseJumpRateModelV2.sol:118:        uint rateToPool = borrowRate.mul(oneMinusReserveFactor).div(1e18);

...

contracts/Timelock.sol:64:        bytes32 txHash = keccak256(abi.encode(target, value, signature, data, eta));
contracts/Timelock.sol:74:        bytes32 txHash = keccak256(abi.encode(target, value, signature, data, eta));
contracts/Timelock.sol:99:        (bool success, bytes memory returnData) = target.call.value(value)(callData);
contracts/WhitePaperInterestRateModel.sol:37:        baseRatePerBlock = baseRatePerYear.div(blocksPerYear);

General Review Approach:

• All functions are internal except where explictly required to be public/external. [?]
• There are no arithmetic overflows/underflows in math operations.
• Using the OpenZeppelin safe math library [?].
• Ether or tokens cannot be accidentally sent to the address 0x0.
• Conditions are checked using require before operations and state changes.
• State is being set before and performing actions.
• Protected from reentry attacks (A calling B calling A). [?]
• Properly implements the ERC20 interface [?].
• Only using modifier if necessary in more than one place.
• All types are being explicitly set (e.g. using uint256 instead of uint).
• All methods and loops are within the maximum allowed gas limt.
• There are no unnecessary initalizations in the constructor (remember, default values are set).
• There is complete test coverage; every smart contract method and every possible type of input is being tested.
• Performed fuzz testing by using random inputs.
• Tested all the possible different states that the contract can be in.
• Ether and token amounts are dealt in wei units.
• The crowdsale end block/timestamp comes after start block/timestamp.
• The crowdsale token exchange/conversion rate is properly set.
• The crowdsale soft/hard cap is set.
• The crowdsale min/max contribution allowed is set and tested.
• The crowdsale whitelisting functionality is tested.
• The crowdsale refund logic is tested.
• Crowdsale participants are given their proportional token amounts or are allowed to claim their contribution.
• The length of each stage of the crowdsale is properly configured (e.g. presale, public sale).
• Specified which functions are intented to be controlled by the owner only (e.g. pausing crowdsale, progressing crowdsale stage, enabling distribution of tokens, etc..).
• The crowdsale vesting logic is tested.
• The crowdsale has a fail-safe mode that when enabled by owner, restricts calls to function and enables refund functionality.
• The crowdsale has a fallback function in place if it makes reasonable sense.
• The fallback function does not accept call data or only accepts prefixed data to avoid function signature collisions.
• Imported libraries have been previously audited and don't contain dyanmic parts that can be swapped out in future versions which can be be used maliciously. [?]
• Token transfer statements are wrapped in a require.
• Using require and assert properly. Only use assert for things that should never happen, typically used to validate state after making changes.
• Using keccak256 instead of the alias sha3.
• Protected from ERC20 short address attack. [?].
• Protected from recursive call attacks.
• Arbitrary string inputs have length limits.
• No secret data is exposed (all data on the blockchain is public).
• Avoided using array where possible and using mappings instead.
• Does not rely on block hashes for randomness (miners have influence on this).
• Does not use tx.origin anywhere. [?]
• Array items are shifted down when an item is deleted to avoid leaving a gap.
• Use revert instead of throw.
• Functions exit immediately when conditions aren't meant.
• Using the latest stable version of Solidity.
• Prefer pattern where receipient withdrawals funds instead of contract sending funds, however not always applicable.
• Resolved warnings from compiler.

Variables

• V1 - Can it be internal?
• V2 - Can it be constant?
• V3 - Can it be immutable?
• V4 - Is its visibility set? (SWC-108)
• V5 - Is the purpose of the variable and other important information documented using natspec?
• V6 - Can it be packed with an adjacent storage variable?
• [ ] V7 - Can it be packed in a struct with more than 1 other variable?
• V8 - Use full 256 bit types unless packing with other variables.
• V9 - If it's a public array, is a separate function provided to return the full array?
• V10 - Only use private to intentionally prevent child contracts from accessing the variable, prefer internal for flexibility.

Structs

• S1 - Is a struct necessary? Can the variable be packed raw in storage?
• S2 - Are its fields packed together (if possible)?
• S3 - Is the purpose of the struct and all fields documented using natspec?

Functions

• F1 - Can it be external?
• F2 - Should it be internal?
• F3 - Should it be payable?
• F4 - Can it be combined with another similar function?
• F5 - Validate all parameters are within safe bounds, even if the function can only be called by a trusted users.
• F6 - Is the checks before effects pattern followed? (SWC-107)
• [ ]- F7 - Check for front-running possibilities, such as the approve function. (SWC-114)
• F8 - Is insufficient gas griefing possible? (SWC-126)
• F9 - Are the correct modifiers applied, such as onlyOwner/requiresAuth?
• F10 - Are return values always assigned?
• F11 - Write down and test invariants about state before a function can run correctly.
• F12 - Write down and test invariants about the return or any changes to state after a function has run.
• F13 - Take care when naming functions, because people will assume behavior based on the name.
• F14 - If a function is intentionally unsafe (to save gas, etc), use an unwieldy name to draw attention to its risk.
• F15 - Are all arguments, return values, side effects and other information documented using natspec?
• F16 - If the function allows operating on another user in the system, do not assume msg.sender is the user being operated on.
• F17 - If the function requires the contract be in an uninitialized state, check an explicit initialized variable. Do not use owner == address(0) or other similar checks as substitutes.
• F18 - Only use private to intentionally prevent child contracts from calling the function, prefer internal for flexibility.
• F19 - Use virtual if there are legitimate (and safe) instances where a child contract may wish to override the function's behavior.

Modifiers

• M1 - Are no storage updates made (except in a reentrancy lock)?
• M2 - Are external calls avoided?
• M3 - Is the purpose of the modifier and other important information documented using natspec?

Code

• C1 - Using SafeMath or 0.8 checked math? (SWC-101)
• C2 - Are any storage slots read multiple times?
• C3 - Are any unbounded loops/arrays used that can cause DoS? (SWC-128)
• C4 - Use block.timestamp only for long intervals. (SWC-116)
• C5 - Don't use block.number for elapsed time. (SWC-116)
• C7 - Avoid delegatecall wherever possible, especially to external (even if trusted) contracts. (SWC-112)
• C8 - Do not update the length of an array while iterating over it.
• C9 - Don't use blockhash(), etc for randomness. (SWC-120)
• C10 - Are signatures protected against replay with a nonce and block.chainid (SWC-121)
• C11 - Ensure all signatures use EIP-712. (SWC-117 SWC-122)
• C12 - Output of abi.encodePacked() shouldn't be hashed if using >2 dynamic types. Prefer using abi.encode() in general. (SWC-133)
• C13 - Careful with assembly, don't use any arbitrary data. (SWC-127)
• C14 - Don't assume a specific ETH balance. (SWC-132)
• C15 - Avoid insufficient gas griefing. (SWC-126)
• C16 - Private data isn't private. (SWC-136)
• C17 - Updating a struct/array in memory won't modify it in storage.
• C18 - Never shadow state variables. (SWC-119)
• C19 - Do not mutate function parameters.
• C20 - Is calculating a value on the fly cheaper than storing it?
• C21 - Are all state variables read from the correct contract (master vs. clone)?
• C22 - Are comparison operators used correctly (>, <, >=, <=), especially to prevent off-by-one errors?
• C23 - Are logical operators used correctly (==, !=, &&, ||, !), especially to prevent off-by-one errors?
• C24 - Always multiply before dividing, unless the multiplication could overflow.
• C25 - Are magic numbers replaced by a constant with an intuitive name?
• C26 - If the recipient of ETH had a fallback function that reverted, could it cause DoS? (SWC-113)
• C27 - Use SafeERC20 or check return values safely.
• C28 - Don't use msg.value in a loop.
• C29 - Don't use msg.value if recursive delegatecalls are possible (like if the contract inherits Multicall/Batchable).
• C30 - Don't assume msg.sender is always a relevant user.
• C31 - Don't use assert() unless for fuzzing or formal verification. (SWC-110)
• C32 - Don't use tx.origin for authorization. (SWC-115)
• C33 - Don't use address.transfer() or address.send(). Use .call.value(...)("") instead. (SWC-134)
• C34 - When using low-level calls, ensure the contract exists before calling.
• C35 - When calling a function with many parameters, use the named argument syntax.
• C36 - Do not use assembly for create2. Prefer the modern salted contract creation syntax.
• C37 - Do not use assembly to access chainid or contract code/size/hash. Prefer the modern Solidity syntax.
• C38 - Use the delete keyword when setting a variable to a zero value (0, false, "", etc).
• C39 - Comment the "why" as much as possible.
• C40 - Comment the "what" if using obscure syntax or writing unconventional code.
• C41 - Comment explanations + example inputs/outputs next to complex and fixed point math.
• C42 - Comment explanations wherever optimizations are done, along with an estimate of much gas they save.
• C43 - Comment explanations wherever certain optimizations are purposely avoided, along with an estimate of much gas they would/wouldn't save if implemented.
• C44 - Use unchecked blocks where overflow/underflow is impossible, or where an overflow/underflow is unrealistic on human timescales (counters, etc). Comment explanations wherever unchecked is used, along with an estimate of how much gas it saves (if relevant).
• C45 - Do not depend on Solidity's arithmetic operator precedence rules. In addition to the use of parentheses to override default operator precedence, parentheses should also be used to emphasise it.
• C46 - Expressions passed to logical/comparison operators (&&/||/>=/==/etc) should not have side-effects.
• C47 - Wherever arithmetic operations are performed that could result in precision loss, ensure it benefits the right actors in the system, and document it with comments.
• C48 - Document the reason why a reentrancy lock is necessary whenever it's used with an inline or @dev natspec comment.
• C49 - When fuzzing functions that only operate on specific numerical ranges use modulo to tighten the fuzzer's inputs (such as x = x % 10000 + 1 to restrict from 1 to 10,000).
• C50 - Use ternary expressions to simplify branching logic wherever possible.
• C51 - When operating on more than one address, ask yourself what happens if they're the same.

External Calls

• X1 - Is an external contract call actually needed?
• X2 - If there is an error, could it cause DoS? Like balanceOf() reverting. (SWC-113)
• X3 - Would it be harmful if the call reentered into the current function?
• X4 - Would it be harmful if the call reentered into another function?
• X5 - Is the result checked and errors dealt with? (SWC-104)
• X6 - What if it uses all the gas provided?
• X7 - Could it cause an out-of-gas in the calling contract if it returns a massive amount of data?
• X8 - If you are calling a particular function, do not assume that success implies that the function exists (phantom functions).

Static Calls

• S1 - Is an external contract call actually needed?
• S2 - Is it actually marked as view in the interface?
• S3 - If there is an error, could it cause DoS? Like balanceOf() reverting. (SWC-113)
• S4 - If the call entered an infinite loop, could it cause DoS?

Events

• E1 - Should any fields be indexed?
• E2 - Is the creator of the relevant action included as an indexed field?
• E3 - Do not index dynamic types like strings or bytes.
• E4 - Is when the event emitted and all fields documented using natspec?
• E5 - Are all users/ids that are operated on in functions that emit the event stored as indexed fields?

Contract

• T1 - Use an SPDX license identifier.
• T2 - Are events emitted for every storage mutating function?
• T3 - Check for correct inheritance, keep it simple and linear. (SWC-125)
• T4 - Use a receive() external payable function if the contract should accept transferred ETH.
• T5 - Write down and test invariants about relationships between stored state.
• T6 - Is the purpose of the contract and how it interacts with others documented using natspec?
• T7 - The contract should be marked abstract if another contract must inherit it to unlock its full functionality.
• T8 - Emit an appropriate event for any non-immutable variable set in the constructor that emits an event when mutated elsewhere.
• T9 - Avoid over-inheritance as it masks complexity and encourages over-abstraction.
• T10 - Always use the named import syntax to explicitly declare which contracts are being imported from another file.
• T11 - Group imports by their folder/package. Separate groups with an empty line. Groups of external dependencies should come first, then mock/testing contracts (if relevant), and finally local imports.
• T12 - Summarize the purpose and functionality of the contract with a @notice natspec comment. Document how the contract interacts with other contracts inside/outside the project in a @dev natspec comment.

Project

• P1 - Use the right license (you must use GPL if you depend on GPL code, etc).
• P2 - Unit test everything.
• P3 - Fuzz test as much as possible.
• P4 - Use symbolic execution where possible.
• P5 - Run Slither/Solhint and review all findings.

DeFi

• D1 - Check your assumptions about what other contracts do and return.
• D2 - Don't mix internal accounting with actual balances.
• D3 - Don't use spot price from an AMM as an oracle.
• D4 - Do not trade on AMMs without receiving a price target off-chain or via an oracle.
• D5 - Use sanity checks to prevent oracle/price manipulation.
• D6 - Watch out for rebasing tokens. If they are unsupported, ensure that property is documented.
• D7 - Watch out for ERC-777 tokens. Even a token you trust could preform reentrancy if it's an ERC-777.
• D8 - Watch out for fee-on-transfer tokens. If they are unsupported, ensure that property is documented.
• D9 - Watch out for tokens that use too many or too few decimals. Ensure the max and min supported values are documented.
• D10 - Be careful of relying on the raw token balance of a contract to determine earnings. Contracts which provide a way to recover assets sent directly to them can mess up share price functions that rely on the raw Ether or token balances of an address.
• D11 - If your contract is a target for token approvals, do not make arbitrary calls from user input.

Platform

Some Platform here that you can do Smart Contracts audits and get large $ bounty.

• code4rena
• HATS.FINANCE
• Immunefi
• Sherlock
• codehawks
• hackenproof
• bugrap

List of Public SmartContracts Audits Reports

I've mentioned here some public audits reports for learn audits. So, lets enjoy reading some cool audits reports.

• Consensys : Reports
• Peckshield : Reports
• Openzeppelin : Reports
• TrailofBits : Reports
• Quillhash : Reports
• Hacken : Reports
• Beosin : Reports
• Iosiro : Reports
• Oak Security : Reports
• G0 group : Reports
• Hexens : Reports
• Sherlock : Reports
• Code4rena : Reports

Resources

• Solidity Code Metrics By Consensys Diligence
• The Repository this list was largely sourced from
• Blockchain Security Audit List
• Smart contract best pracitices
• Smart Contract Auditing Heuristics
• Solidity idiosyncrasies
• Solidity security considerations
• Methodological security review of a smart contract
• Decentralized Application Security Project
• Semgrep Smart-contracts
• Ethereum Security Guide
• Smart Contract Security Verification Standard
• How to become a smart contract auditor | The complete roadmap 2023
• Greate Resources by cyfrin | 2023
• All ctf poc writen using Foundery | ctf-blockchain)