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cargo-expand

Once installed, the following command prints out the result of macro expansion and #[derive] expansion applied to the current crate.

$ cargo expand

This is a wrapper around the more verbose compiler command:

$ cargo rustc --profile=check -- -Zunstable-options --pretty=expanded

Installation

Install with cargo install cargo-expand.

This command optionally uses rustfmt to format the expanded output. The resulting code is typically much more readable than what you get from the compiler. If rustfmt is not available, the expanded code is not formatted. Install rustfmt with rustup component add rustfmt.

Cargo expand relies on unstable compiler flags so it requires a nightly toolchain to be installed, though does not require nightly to be the default toolchain or the one with which cargo expand itself is executed. If the default toolchain is one other than nightly, running cargo expand will find and use nightly anyway.

Example

$ cat src/main.rs

#[derive(Debug)]
struct S;

fn main() {
    println!("{:?}", S);
}

$ cargo expand

#![feature(prelude_import)]
#![no_std]
#[prelude_import]
use std::prelude::v1::*;
#[macro_use]
extern crate std as std;
struct S;
#[automatically_derived]
#[allow(unused_qualifications)]
impl $crate::fmt::Debug for S {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut $crate::fmt::Formatter) -> $crate::fmt::Result {
        match *self {
            S => {
                let mut debug_trait_builder = f.debug_tuple("S");
                debug_trait_builder.finish()
            }
        }
    }
}
fn main() {
    {
        $crate::io::_print($crate::fmt::Arguments::new_v1_formatted(
            &["", "\n"],
            &match (&S,) {
                (arg0,) => [$crate::fmt::ArgumentV1::new(
                    arg0,
                    $crate::fmt::Debug::fmt,
                )],
            },
            &[$crate::fmt::rt::v1::Argument {
                position: $crate::fmt::rt::v1::Position::At(0usize),
                format: $crate::fmt::rt::v1::FormatSpec {
                    fill: ' ',
                    align: $crate::fmt::rt::v1::Alignment::Unknown,
                    flags: 0u32,
                    precision: $crate::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
                    width: $crate::fmt::rt::v1::Count::Implied,
                },
            }],
        ));
    };
}

Options

See cargo expand --help for a complete list of options, most of which are consistent with other Cargo subcommands. Here are a few that are common in the context of cargo expand.

To expand a particular test target:

$ cargo expand --test test_something

To expand without rustfmt:

$ cargo expand --ugly

To expand a specific module or type or function only:

$ cargo expand path::to::module

Configuration

The cargo expand command reads the [expand] section of $CARGO_HOME/config if there is one (usually ~/.cargo/config). Currently the only configuration option is the syntax highlighting theme.

[expand]
theme = "TwoDark"

Run cargo expand --themes to print a list of available themes. Use theme = "none" to disable coloring.

Disclaimer

Be aware that macro expansion to text is a lossy process. This is a debugging aid only. There should be no expectation that the expanded code can be compiled successfully, nor that if it compiles then it behaves the same as the original code.

For instance the following function returns 3 when compiled ordinarily by Rust but the expanded code compiles and returns 4.

fn f() -> i32 {
    let x = 1;

    macro_rules! first_x {
        () => { x }
    }

    let x = 2;

    x + first_x!()
}

Refer to The Book for more on the considerations around macro hygiene.

License