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Spot DataMapper ORM v2.0

Spot v2.x is built on the Doctrine DBAL, and targets PHP 5.4+.

The aim of Spot is to be a lightweight DataMapper alternative that is clear, efficient, and simple - and doesn't use annotations or proxy classes.

Using Spot In Your Project

Spot is a standalone ORM that can be used in any project. Follow the instructions below to get Spot setup in your project.

Installation with Composer

composer require vlucas/spot2

Connecting to a Database

The Spot\Locator object is the main point of access to spot that you will have to be able to access from everywhere you need to run queries or work with your entities. It is responsible for loading mappers and managing configuration. To create a Locator, you will need a Spot\Config object.

The Spot\Config object stores and references database connections by name. Create a new instance of Spot\Config and add database connections with DSN strings so Spot can establish a database connection, then create your locator object:

$cfg = new \Spot\Config();

// MySQL
$cfg->addConnection('mysql', 'mysql://user:password@localhost/database_name');
// Sqlite
$cfg->addConnection('sqlite', 'sqlite://path/to/database.sqlite');

$spot = new \Spot\Locator($cfg);

You can also use DBAL-compatible configuration arrays instead of DSN strings if you prefer:

$cfg->addConnection('mysql', [
    'dbname' => 'mydb',
    'user' => 'user',
    'password' => 'secret',
    'host' => 'localhost',
    'driver' => 'pdo_mysql',
]);

Accessing the Locator

Since you have to have access to your mapper anywhere you use the database, most people create a helper method to create a mapper instance once and then return the same instance when required again. Such a helper method might look something like this:

function spot() {
    static $spot;
    if($spot === null) {
        $spot = new \Spot\Locator();
        $spot->config()->addConnection('test_mysql', 'mysql://user:password@localhost/database_name');
    }
    return $spot;
}

If you are using a framework with a dependency injection container or service, you will want to use it so that the Spot\Locator object is available everywhere in your application that you need it.

Getting A Mapper

Since Spot follows the DataMapper design pattern, you will need a mapper instance for working with object Entities and database tables. You can get a mapper instance from the Spot\Locator object's mapper method by providing the fully qualified entity namespace + class name:

$postMapper = $spot->mapper('Entity\Post');

Mappers only work with one entity type, so you will need one mapper per entity class you work with (i.e. to save an Entity\Post, you will need the appropriate mapper, and to save an Entity\Comment, you will need a comment mapper, not the same post mapper. Relations will automatically be loaded and handled by their corresponding mapper by Spot.

NOTE: You do NOT have to create a mapper for each entity unless you need custom finder methods or other custom logic. If there is no entity-specific mapper for the entity you want, Spot will load the generic mapper for you and return it.

Creating Entities

Entity classes can be named and namespaced however you want to set them up within your project structure. For the following examples, the Entities will just be prefixed with an Entity namespace for easy psr-0 compliant autoloading.

namespace Entity;

use Spot\EntityInterface as Entity;
use Spot\MapperInterface as Mapper;

class Post extends \Spot\Entity
{
    protected static $table = 'posts';

    public static function fields()
    {
        return [
            'id'           => ['type' => 'integer', 'autoincrement' => true, 'primary' => true],
            'title'        => ['type' => 'string', 'required' => true],
            'body'         => ['type' => 'text', 'required' => true],
            'status'       => ['type' => 'integer', 'default' => 0, 'index' => true],
            'author_id'    => ['type' => 'integer', 'required' => true],
            'date_created' => ['type' => 'datetime', 'value' => new \DateTime()]
        ];
    }

    public static function relations(Mapper $mapper, Entity $entity)
    {
        return [
            'tags' => $mapper->hasManyThrough($entity, 'Entity\Tag', 'Entity\PostTag', 'tag_id', 'post_id'),
            'comments' => $mapper->hasMany($entity, 'Entity\Post\Comment', 'post_id')->order(['date_created' => 'ASC']),
            'author' => $mapper->belongsTo($entity, 'Entity\Author', 'author_id')
        ];
    }
}

Using Custom Mappers

Although you do not have to create a mapper for each entity, sometimes it is nice to create one if you have a lot of custom finder methods, or want a better place to contain the logic of building all the queries you need.

Just specify the full mapper class name in your entity:

namespace Entity;

class Post extends \Spot\Entity
{
    protected static $mapper = 'Entity\Mapper\Post';

    // ... snip ...
}

And then create your mapper:

namespace Entity\Mapper;

use Spot\Mapper;

class Post extends Mapper
{
    /**
     * Get 10 most recent posts for display on the sidebar
     *
     * @return \Spot\Query
     */
    public function mostRecentPostsForSidebar()
    {
        return $this->where(['status' => 'active'])
            ->order(['date_created' => 'DESC'])
            ->limit(10);
    }
}

Then when you load the mapper like normal, Spot will see the custom Entity\Post::$mapper you defined, and load that instead of the generic one, allowing you to call your custom method:

$mapper = $spot->mapper('Entity\Post');
$sidebarPosts = $mapper->mostRecentPostsForSidebar();

Field Types

Since Spot v2.x is built on top of DBAL, all the DBAL types are used and fully supported in Spot:

Integer Types

• smallint
• integer
• bigint

Decimal Types

• decimal
• float

String Types

• string
• text
• guid

Binary String Types

• binary
• blob

Boolean/Bit Types

• boolean

Date and Time Types

• date
• datetime
• datetimetz
• time

Array Types

• array - PHP serialize/deserialze
• simple_array - PHP implode/explode
• json_array - json_encode/json_decode

Object Types

• object - PHP serialize/deserialze

Please read the Doctrine DBAL Types Reference Page thoroughly for more information and types and cross-database support. Some types may be stored differently on different databases, depending on database vendor support and other factors.

Registering Custom Field Types

If you want to register your own custom field type with custom functionality on get/set, have a look at the Custom Mapping Types on the DBAL reference page.

Since Spot uses the DBAL internally, there are no additional changes you have to make for your custom type to work with Spot.

Migrations / Creating and Updating Tables

Spot comes with a method for running migrations on Entities that will automatically CREATE and ALTER tables based on the current Entity's fields definition.

$mapper = $spot->mapper('Entity\Post');
$mapper->migrate();

Your database should now have the posts table in it, with all the fields you described in your Post entity.

NOTE: Please note that re-naming columns is not supported in migrations because there is no way for spot to know which column you renamed to what - Spot will see a new column that needs to be created, and a column that no longer exists and needs to be dropped. This could result in data loss during an auto-migration.

Finders (Mapper)

The main finders used most are all to return a collection of entities, and first or get to return a single entity matching the conditions.

all()

Find all entities and return a Spot\Entity\Collection of loaded Spot\Entity objects.

where([conditions])

Find all entities that match the given conditions and return a Spot\Entity\Collection of loaded Spot\Entity objects.

// Where can be called directly from the mapper
$posts = $mapper->where(['status' => 1]);

// Or chained using the returned `Spot\Query` object - results identical to above
$posts = $mapper->all()->where(['status' => 1]);

// Or more explicitly using using `select`, which always returns a `Spot\Query` object
$posts = $mapper->select()->where(['status' => 1]);

Since a Spot\Query object is returned, conditions and other statements can be chained in any way or order you want. The query will be lazy-executed on interation or count, or manually by ending the chain with a call to execute().

first([conditions])

Find and return a single Spot\Entity object that matches the criteria.

$post = $mapper->first(['title' => "Test Post"]);

Or first can be used on a previous query with all to fetch only the first matching record.

$post = $mapper->all(['title' => "Test Post"])->first();

A call to first will always execute the query immediately, and return either a single loaded entity object, or boolean false.

Conditional Queries

# All posts with a 'published' status, descending by date_created
$posts = $mapper->all()
    ->where(['status' => 'published'])
    ->order(['date_created' => 'DESC']);

# All posts that are not published
$posts = $mapper->all()
    ->where(['status <>' => 'published'])

# All posts created before 3 days ago
$posts = $mapper->all()
    ->where(['date_created <' => new \DateTime('-3 days')]);

# Posts with 'id' of 1, 2, 5, 12, or 15 - Array value = automatic "IN" clause
$posts = $mapper->all()
    ->where(['id' => [1, 2, 5, 12, 15]]);

Joins

Joins are currently not enabled by Spot's query builder. The Doctine DBAL query builder does provide full support for them, so they may be enabled in the future.

Custom Queries

While ORMs like Spot are very nice to use, if you need to do complex queries, it's best to just use custom queries with the SQL you know and love.

Spot provides a query method that allows you to run custom SQL, and load the results into a normal collection of entity objects. This way, you can easily run custom SQL queries with all the same ease of use and convenience as the built-in finder methods and you won't have to do any special handling.

Using Custom SQL

$posts = $mapper->query("SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = 1");

Using Query Parameters

$posts = $mapper->query("SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = ?", [1]);

Using Named Placeholders

$posts = $mapper->query("SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id = :id", ['id' => 1]);

NOTE: Spot will load ALL returned columns on the target entity from the query you run. So if you perform a JOIN or get more data than the target entity normally has, it will just be loaded on the target entity, and no attempt will be made to map the data to other entities or to filter it based on only the defined fields.

Relations

Relations are convenient ways to access related, parent, and child entities from another loaded entity object. An example might be $post->comments to query for all the comments related to the current $post object.

Live Query Objects

All relations are returned as instances of relation classes that extend Spot\Relation\RelationAbstract. This class holds a Spot\Query object internally, and allows you to chain your own query modifications on it so you can do custom things with relations, like ordering, adding more query conditions, etc.

$mapper->hasMany($entity, 'Entity\Comment', 'post_id')
    ->where(['status' => 'active'])
    ->order(['date_created' => 'ASC']);

All of these query modifications are held in a queue, and are run when the relation is actually executed (on count or foreach iteration, or when execute is explicitly called).

Eager Loading

All relation types are lazy-loaded by default, and can be eager-loaded to solve the N+1 query problem using the with method:

$posts = $posts->all()->with('comments');

Multiple relations can be eager-loaded using an array:

$posts = $posts->all()->with(['comments', 'tags']);

Relation Types

Entity relation types are:

• HasOne
• BelongsTo
• HasMany
• HasManyThrough

HasOne

HasOne is a relation where the related object has a field which points to the current object - an example might be User has one Profile.

Method

$mapper->hasOne(Entity $entity, $foreignEntity, $foreignKey)

• $entity - The current entity instance
• $foreignEntity - Name of the entity you want to load
• $foreignKey - Field name on the $foreignEntity that matches up with the primary key of the current entity

Example

namespace Entity;

use Spot\EntityInterface as Entity;
use Spot\MapperInterface as Mapper;

class User extends \Spot\Entity
{
    protected static $table = 'users';

    public static function fields()
    {
        return [
            'id'           => ['type' => 'integer', 'autoincrement' => true, 'primary' => true],
            'username'     => ['type' => 'string', 'required' => true],
            'email'        => ['type' => 'string', 'required' => true],
            'status'       => ['type' => 'integer', 'default' => 0, 'index' => true],
            'date_created' => ['type' => 'datetime', 'value' => new \DateTime()]
        ];
    }

    public static function relations(Mapper $mapper, Entity $entity)
    {
        return [
            'profile' => $mapper->hasOne($entity, 'Entity\User\Profile', 'user_id')
        ];
    }
}

In this scenario, the Entity\User\Profile entity has a field named user_id which the Entity\User's id field as a value. Note that no field exists on this entity for this relation, but rather the related entity.

BelongsTo

BelongsTo is a relation where the current object has a field which points to the related object - an example might be Post belongs to User.

Method

$mapper->belongsTo(Entity $entity, $foreignEntity, $localKey)

• $entity - The current entity instance
• $foreignEntity - Name of the entity you want to load
• $localKey - Field name on the current entity that matches up with the primary key of $foreignEntity (the one you want to load)

Example

namespace Entity;

use Spot\EntityInterface as Entity;
use Spot\MapperInterface as Mapper;

class Post extends \Spot\Entity
{
    protected static $table = 'posts';

    public static function fields()
    {
        return [
            'id'           => ['type' => 'integer', 'autoincrement' => true, 'primary' => true],
            'user_id'      => ['type' => 'integer', 'required' => true],
            'title'        => ['type' => 'string', 'required' => true],
            'body'         => ['type' => 'text', 'required' => true],
            'status'       => ['type' => 'integer', 'default' => 0, 'index' => true],
            'date_created' => ['type' => 'datetime', 'value' => new \DateTime()]
        ];
    }

    public static function relations(Mapper $mapper, Entity $entity)
    {
        return [
            'user' => $mapper->belongsTo($entity, 'Entity\User', 'user_id')
        ];
    }
}

In this scenario, the Entity\Post entity has a field named user_id which is the Entity\User's id field's value. Note that the field exists on this entity for this relation, but not on the related entity.

HasMany

HasMany is used where a single record relates to multiple other records - an example might be Post has many Comments.

Method

$mapper->hasMany(Entity $entity, $entityName, $foreignKey, $localValue = null)

• $entity - The current entity instance
• $entityName - Name of the entity you want to load a collection of
• $foreignKey - Field name on the $entityName that matches up with the current entity's primary key

Example

We start by adding a comments relation to our Post object:

namespace Entity;

use Spot\EntityInterface as Entity;
use Spot\MapperInterface as Mapper;

class Post extends Spot\Entity
{
    protected static $table = 'posts';

    public static function fields()
    {
        return [
            'id'           => ['type' => 'integer', 'autoincrement' => true, 'primary' => true],
            'title'        => ['type' => 'string', 'required' => true],
            'body'         => ['type' => 'text', 'required' => true],
            'status'       => ['type' => 'integer', 'default' => 0, 'index' => true],
            'date_created' => ['type' => 'datetime', 'value' => new \DateTime()]
        ];
    }

    public static function relations(Mapper $mapper, Entity $entity)
    {
        return [
            'comments' => $mapper->hasMany($entity, 'Entity\Comment', 'post_id')->order(['date_created' => 'ASC']),
        ];
    }
}

And add a Entity\Post\Comment object with a 'belongsTo' relation back to the post:

namespace Entity;

class Comment extends \Spot\Entity
{
    // ... snip ...

    public static function relations(Mapper $mapper, Entity $entity)
    {
        return [
            'post' => $mapper->belongsTo($entity, 'Entity\Post', 'post_id')
        ];
    }
}

HasManyThrough

HasManyThrough is used for many-to-many relationships. An good example is tagging. A post has many tags, and a tag has many posts. This relation is a bit more complex than the others, because a HasManyThrough requires a join table and mapper.

Method

$mapper->hasManyThrough(Entity $entity, string $hasManyEntity, string $throughEntity, string $selectField, string $whereField)

• $entity - The current entity instance
• $hasManyEntity - This is the target entity you want a collection of. In this case, we want a collection of Entity\Tag objects.
• $throughEntity - Name of the entity we are going through to get what we want - In this case, Entity\PostTag.
• $selectField - Name of the field on the $throughEntity that will select records by the primary key of $hasManyEntity.
• $whereField - Name of the field on the $throughEntity to select records by the current entities' primary key (we have a post, so this will be the Entity\PostTag->post_id field).

Example

We need to add the tags relation to our Post entity, specifying query conditions for both sides of the relation.

namespace Entity;

use Spot\EntityInterface as Entity;
use Spot\MapperInterface as Mapper;

class Post extends Spot\Entity
{
    protected static $table = 'posts';

    public static function fields()
    {
        return [
            'id'           => ['type' => 'integer', 'autoincrement' => true, 'primary' => true],
            'title'        => ['type' => 'string', 'required' => true],
            'body'         => ['type' => 'text', 'required' => true],
            'status'       => ['type' => 'integer', 'default' => 0, 'index' => true],
            'date_created' => ['type' => 'datetime', 'value' => new \DateTime()]
        ];
    }

    public static function relations(Mapper $mapper, Entity $entity)
    {
        return [
            'tags' => $mapper->hasManyThrough($entity, 'Entity\Tag', 'Entity\PostTag', 'tag_id', 'post_id'),
        ];
    }

Explanation

The result we want is a collection of Entity\Tag objects where the id equals the post_tags.tag_id column. We get this by going through the Entity\PostTags entity, using the current loaded post id matching post_tags.post_id.