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Spatial early warning signs - R package
This package helps computing spatial early warning signals of critical transitions, and metrics commonly-used in the related literature. This has been initiated by a collaborative project between Sonia Kefi's group (Institut de Sciences d'Evolution, CNRS, IRD, Université Montpellier, France) and Vishwesha Guttal's (Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India).
The R package provides several sets of functions related to the computation of early warning signals of ecosystem tipping points and irreversible transitions (also known as catastrophic shifts). In particular, it facilitates computing those indicators, assess their significance and plot their trends.
To understand the context behind those indicators, and see how they can be computed, the best way is to have a look at our paper about the package:
For more advanced users and/or technical questions that may arise, a FAQ is also available there.
Contributors
Alain Danet, Alexandre Génin (Maintainer), Vishwesha Guttal, Sonia Kefi, Sabiha Majumder, Sumithra Sankaran, Florian Schneider
spatialwarnings has also benefited from contributions from Angeles Garcia-Mayor, Vasilis Dakos and Koen Siteur
Installation
spatialwarnings is available on CRAN and can be installed through:
install.packages('spatialwarnings')
The development version of this package can be installed using the
devtools package in R:
if ( ! require(devtools) ) {
install.packages("devtools")
}
devtools::install_github("spatial-ews/spatialwarnings")
The spatial indicators
Ecological systems can suffer drastic transitions such as desertification or eutrophication, sometimes even after a slight change in one or more external parameters, such as aridity or nutrient input. These qualitative changes in the behavior of a system at a threshold represents a critical or bifurcation point, and can give rise to catastrophic shifts when associated with irreversibility. A growing body of litterature suggests that a dynamical system should exhibit certain measurable properties around those critical points.
This package aims at providing a practical set of tools for the detection of these upcoming critical points in spatial datasets, by using indicators based on those properties. Some of those indicators fall within broad families around which the package is centered, such as "generic" spatial indicators or indicators based on patch-size distributions. Significance of patterns can be assessed using permutation-based tests and results can be displayed using familiar summary/plot methods.
In total, spatialwarnings provides the following spatial indicators published in the literature:
- lag-1 autocorrelation (Moran's I, Dakos et al. 2010)
- Variance (Guttal et al. 2008)
- Skewness (Guttal et al. 2008)
- SDR Ratio (Kéfi et al. 2014)
- Patch-size distribution shape (Kéfi et al. 2011)
- Power-law range (Berdugo et al. 2017)
- Flowlength (Rodriguez et al. 2017)
- Kolmogorov complexity (Dakos et al. 2017)
- Variogram-based indicators (Nijp et al. 2019)
- Clustering of pairs (Schneider et al. 2016)
In addition, this package provides a straightforward way to implement and test new indicators, so you can design your favorite spatial metric for your ecosystem of interest.
Code sample
A simple analysis with spatialwarnings can fit in a few lines of code:
> library(ggplot2)
> library(spatialwarnings)
>
> # Compute indicators
> serengeti.ic <- generic_sews(serengeti,
> subsize = 5,
> moranI_coarse_grain = TRUE)
> serengeti.test <- indictest(serengeti.ic)
> # Textual summary of trends
> summary(serengeti.test)
Generic Spatial Early-Warnings
Mat. # Mean Moran's I P<null Skewness P<null Variance P<null
1 0.98 0.58 <1e-03 *** -6.94 0.999 0.011 <1e-03 ***
2 0.98 0.62 <1e-03 *** -6.17 0.999 0.012 <1e-03 ***
3 0.97 0.51 <1e-03 *** -5.59 0.999 0.015 <1e-03 ***
4 0.96 0.68 <1e-03 *** -4.56 0.999 0.022 <1e-03 ***
5 0.96 0.66 <1e-03 *** -4.37 0.999 0.024 <1e-03 ***
6 0.95 0.62 <1e-03 *** -3.84 0.999 0.031 <1e-03 ***
7 0.95 0.79 <1e-03 *** -3.96 0.999 0.034 <1e-03 ***
8 0.94 0.75 <1e-03 *** -3.40 0.999 0.041 <1e-03 ***
9 0.93 0.66 <1e-03 *** -3.26 0.999 0.040 <1e-03 ***
10 0.93 0.58 <1e-03 *** -3.02 0.999 0.040 <1e-03 ***
11 0.89 0.58 <1e-03 *** -2.29 0.999 0.054 <1e-03 ***
12 0.85 0.62 <1e-03 *** -1.75 0.999 0.074 <1e-03 ***
13 0.71 0.72 <1e-03 *** -0.87 0.999 0.131 <1e-03 ***
Significance tested against 999 randomly shuffled matrices
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
> # Plot trends
> plot(serengeti.test, along = serengeti.rain) +
> geom_vline(xintercept = 593, color = "red", linetype = "dashed") +
> labs(x = "Annual rainfall",
> y = "Mean cover/indicator value",
> title = "Early warning signals of a shift in tree cover in Serengeti, Tanzania (Eby et al. 2016)",
> subtitle = "Grey ribbons indicate the 5-95% quantiles of the null distribution")
Getting help
There is also a quite thorough user guide with tutorials, answers to technical problems and examples of analyses at this address:
https://alex.lecairn.org/spatialwarnings-faq.html
We also welcome any question or constructive criticism! Please feel free to open an issue or send us an email if you have any question about the package, or would like to see improvements.
Original authors and License
This package is derived from the Dakos et al.'s work on early warnings signals (see also the reference website for the early-warnings signals toolbox).
This work is licensed under an MIT license. Some code included in unit tests has been written by Cosma Rohilla Shalizi http://bactra.org/ and is redistributed in its entirety with the source of this R package as per the recommandations in its README file.
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2015 the authors
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
References
Ecologists interested in this package will also probably like the following review: