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WarpDrive: Extremely Fast End-to-End Single or Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning on a GPU

WarpDrive is a flexible, lightweight, and easy-to-use open-source reinforcement learning (RL) framework that implements end-to-end multi-agent RL on a single or multiple GPUs (Graphics Processing Unit).

Using the extreme parallelization capability of GPUs, WarpDrive enables orders-of-magnitude faster RL compared to CPU simulation + GPU model implementations. It is extremely efficient as it avoids back-and-forth data copying between the CPU and the GPU, and runs simulations across multiple agents and multiple environment replicas in parallel. Together, these allow the user to run thousands or even millions of concurrent simulations and train on extremely large batches of experience, achieving at least 100x throughput over CPU-based counterparts.

The table below provides a visual overview of Warpdrive's key features and scalability over various dimensions.

	Support	Concurrency	Version
Environments	Single ✅ Multi ✅	1 to 1000 per GPU	1.0+
Agents	Single ✅ Multi ✅	1 to 1024 per environment	1.0+
Agents	Multi across blocks ✅	1024 per block	1.6+
Discrete Actions	Single ✅ Multi ✅	-	1.0+
Continuous Action	Single ✅ Multi ✅	-	2.7+
On-Policy Policy Gradient	A2C ✅ PPO ✅	-	1.0+
Off-Policy Policy Gradient	DDPG ✅	-	2.7+
Auto-Scaling	✅	-	1.3+
Distributed Simulation	1 GPU ✅ 2-16 GPU node ✅	-	1.4+
Environment Backend	CUDA C ✅	-	1.0+
Environment Backend	CUDA C ✅ Numba ✅	-	2.0+
Training Backend	Pytorch ✅	-	1.0+

Environments

Game of "Tag": In the "Tag" games, taggers are trying to run after and tag the runners. They are fairly complicated games for benchmarking and testing, where thread synchronization, shared memory, high-dimensional indexing for thousands of interacting agents are involved. Below, we show multi-agent RL policies trained for different tagger:runner speed ratios using WarpDrive. These environments can run at millions of steps per second, and train in just a few hours, all on a single GPU!

Complex 2-level multi-agent environments such as Covid-19 environment and climate change environment have been developed based on WarpDrive, you may see examples in Real-World Problems and Collaborations.

Classic control: We include environments at gym.classic_control. Single-agent is a special case of multi-agent environment in WarpDrive. Since each environment only has one agent, the scalability is even higher.

Catalytic reaction pathways: We include environments that convert quantum density functional theory to a reinforcement learning representation and enables an automatic search for the optimal chemical reaction pathway from the noisy chemical system. You may see examples in Real-World Problems and Collaborations.

Throughput, Scalability and Convergence

Multi Agent

Below, we compare the training speed on an N1 16-CPU node versus a single A100 GPU (using WarpDrive), for the Tag environment with 100 runners and 5 taggers. With the same environment configuration and training parameters, WarpDrive on a GPU is about 10× faster. Both scenarios are with 60 environment replicas running in parallel. Using more environments on the CPU node is infeasible as data copying gets too expensive. With WarpDrive, it is possible to scale up the number of environment replicas at least 10-fold, for even faster training.

Single Agent

Below, we compare the training speed on a single A100 GPU (using WarpDrive), for the (top) Cartpole-v1 and (bottom) Acrobot-v1 with 10, 100, 1K, and 10K environment replicas running in parallel for 3000 epochs (hyperperams are the same). You can see an amazing convergence and speed with the huge number of environments scaled by WarpDrive.

Code Structure

WarpDrive provides a CUDA (or Numba) + Python framework and quality-of-life tools, so you can quickly build fast, flexible and massively distributed multi-agent RL systems. The following figure illustrates a bottoms-up overview of the design and components of WarpDrive. The user only needs to write a CUDA or Numba step function at the CUDA environment layer, while the rest is a pure Python interface. We have step-by-step tutorials for you to master the workflow.

Python Interface

WarpDrive provides tools to build and train multi-agent RL systems quickly with just a few lines of code. Here is a short example to train tagger and runner agents:

# Create a wrapped environment object via the EnvWrapper
# Ensure that env_backend is set to 'pycuda' or 'numba' (in order to run on the GPU)
env_wrapper = EnvWrapper(
    TagContinuous(**run_config["env"]),
    num_envs=run_config["trainer"]["num_envs"], 
    env_backend="pycuda"
)

# Agents can share policy models: this dictionary maps policy model names to agent ids.
policy_tag_to_agent_id_map = {
    "tagger": list(env_wrapper.env.taggers),
    "runner": list(env_wrapper.env.runners),
}

# Create the trainer object
trainer = Trainer(
    env_wrapper=env_wrapper,
    config=run_config,
    policy_tag_to_agent_id_map=policy_tag_to_agent_id_map,
)

# Perform training!
trainer.train()

Papers and Citing WarpDrive

Our paper published at Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR) https://jmlr.org/papers/v23/22-0185.html. You can also find more details in our white paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.13976.

If you're using WarpDrive in your research or applications, please cite using this BibTeX:

@article{JMLR:v23:22-0185,
  author  = {Tian Lan and Sunil Srinivasa and Huan Wang and Stephan Zheng},
  title   = {WarpDrive: Fast End-to-End Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning on a GPU},
  journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  year    = {2022},
  volume  = {23},
  number  = {316},
  pages   = {1--6},
  url     = {http://jmlr.org/papers/v23/22-0185.html}
}

@misc{lan2021warpdrive,
  title={WarpDrive: Extremely Fast End-to-End Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning on a GPU}, 
  author={Tian Lan and Sunil Srinivasa and Huan Wang and Caiming Xiong and Silvio Savarese and Stephan Zheng},
  year={2021},
  eprint={2108.13976},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

Tutorials and Quick Start

Tutorials

Familiarize yourself with WarpDrive by running these tutorials on Colab or NGC container!

You may also run these tutorials locally, but you will need a GPU machine with nvcc compiler installed and a compatible Nvidia GPU driver. You will also need Jupyter. See https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html for installation instructions

Example Training Script

We provide some example scripts for you to quickly start the end-to-end training. For example, if you want to train tag_continuous environment (10 taggers and 100 runners) with 2 GPUs and CUDA C backend

python example_training_script_pycuda.py -e tag_continuous -n 2

or switch to JIT compiled Numba backend with 1 GPU

python example_training_script_numba.py -e tag_continuous

You can find full reference documentation here.

Real World Problems and Collaborations

AI Economist Covid Environment with WarpDrive: We train two-level multi-agent economic simulations using AI-Economist Foundation and train it using WarpDrive. We specifically consider the COVID-19 and economy simulation in this example.
High Throughput RL with first principles: We convert quantum density functional theory to a reinforcement learning representation and enables an automatic search for the optimal chemical reaction pathway from the noisy chemical system. For more details, please check out our work published at Nature Communications.
Climate Change Cooperation Competition collaborated with Mila. We provide the base version of the RICE (regional integrated climate environment) simulation environment.
Pytorch Lightning Trainer with WarpDrive: We provide a tutorial example and a blog article of a multi-agent reinforcement learning training loop with WarpDrive and Pytorch Lightning.
NVIDIA NGC Catalog and Quick Deployment to VertexAI: WarpDrive image is hosted by NGC Catalog. The NGC catalog "hosts containers for the top AI and data science software, tuned, tested and optimized by NVIDIA". Our tutorials also enable the quick deployment to VertexAI supported by the NGC.

Installation Instructions

To get started, you'll need to have Python 3.7+ and the nvcc compiler installed with a compatible Nvidia GPU CUDA driver.

CUDA (which includes nvcc) can be installed by following Nvidia's instructions here: https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads.

Docker Image

V100 GPU: You can refer to the example Dockerfile to configure your system.

A100 GPU: Our latest image is published and maintained by NVIDIA NGC. We recommend you download the latest image from NGC catalog.

If you want to build your customized environment, we suggest you visit Nvidia Docker Hub to download the CUDA and cuDNN images compatible with your system. You should be able to use the command line utility to monitor the NVIDIA GPU devices in your system:

nvidia-smi

and see something like this

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 450.51.06    Driver Version: 450.51.06    CUDA Version: 11.0     |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|                               |                      |               MIG M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  Tesla V100-SXM2...  Off  | 00000000:00:04.0 Off |                    0 |
| N/A   37C    P0    32W / 300W |      0MiB / 16160MiB |      0%      Default |
|                               |                      |                  N/A |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                                  |
|  GPU   GI   CI        PID   Type   Process name                  GPU Memory |
|        ID   ID                                                   Usage      |
|=============================================================================|
|  No running processes found                                                 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

In this snapshot, you can see we are using a Tesla V100 GPU and CUDA version 11.0.

Installing using Pip

You can install WarpDrive using the Python package manager:

pip install rl_warp_drive

Installing from Source

Clone this repository to your machine:

git clone https://www.github.com/salesforce/warp-drive

Optional, but recommended for first tries: Create a new conda environment (named "warp_drive" below) and activate it:
```
conda create --name warp_drive python=3.7 --yes
conda activate warp_drive
```
Install as an editable Python package:
```
cd warp_drive
pip install -e .
```

Testing your Installation

You can call directly from Python command to test all modules and the end-to-end training workflow.

python warp_drive/utils/unittests/run_unittests_pycuda.py
python warp_drive/utils/unittests/run_unittests_numba.py
python warp_drive/utils/unittests/run_trainer_tests.py

Learn More

For more information, please check out our blog, white paper, and code documentation.

If you're interested in extending this framework, or have questions, join the AI Economist Slack channel using this invite link.