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ppx_rapper

An extension that allows named parameters in SQL with types inferred, and syntax checking of SQL as a preprocessing step. Like ppx_mysql but using Caqti. The name comes from the idea of Dapper but with Records.

The syntax checking feature only works for PostgreSQL, but other features should work with other Caqti backends such as MariaDB and SQLite. If you are using a non-Postgres dialect you should use the syntax_off option to avoid spurious errors.

Installation

You can install ppx_rapper with opam:

$ opam install ppx_rapper ppx_rapper_lwt

(or ppx_rapper_async if you are using async instead).

To use in a project built with dune, add these lines to the relevant stanzas:

(libraries ppx_rapper_lwt)
(preprocess (pps ppx_rapper))

or similar for async.

Example usage

let my_query =
  [%rapper
    get_opt
      {sql|
      SELECT @int{id}, @string{username}, @bool{following}, @string?{bio}
      FROM users
      WHERE username <> %string{wrong_user} AND id > %int{min_id}
      |sql}]

turns into

let my_query =
  let query =
    (let open Caqti_request in
    find_opt)
      ((let open Caqti_type in
       tup2 string int) [@ocaml.warning "-33"])
      ((let open Caqti_type in
       tup2 int (tup2 string (tup2 bool (option string))))
      [@ocaml.warning "-33"])
      "\n\
      \      SELECT id, username, following, bio\n\
      \      FROM users\n\
      \      WHERE username <> ? AND id > ?\n\
      \      "
  in
  let wrapped ~wrong_user ~min_id (module Db : Rapper_helper.CONNECTION) =
    let f result =
      let g (id, (username, (following, bio))) =
        (id, username, following, bio)
      in
      let f =
        (fun f x -> match x with Some x -> Some (f x) | None -> None) g
      in
      match result with Ok x -> Ok (f x) | Error e -> Error e
    in
    Rapper_helper.map f (Db.find_opt query (wrong_user, min_id))
  in
  wrapped

For further examples, see the examples directory.

Query functions

Query functions are

• execute for queries that return 0 rows, represented as ()
• get_one for queries that return 1 rows, represented as a tuple/record
• get_opt for queries that return 0 or 1 rows, represented as a tuple/record option
• get_many for queries that may return any number of rows, represented as a list of tuples/records

These correspond to exec, find, find_opt and collect in Caqti_request.

Since 1-tuples don't exist, single values are used instead for that case.

Parameters

Syntax for input/output parameters is the same as ppx_mysql: %type{name} for inputs and @type{name} for outputs. The set of currently supported base types overlaps with Caqti's: int,int32,int64, string, octets, float, bool, pdate, ptime and ptime_span are supported, in addition to cdate and ctime, provided by caqti-type-calendar. Option types can be specified by appending a ? to the type specification, e.g.int?{id}.

Custom types

In the style of ppx_mysql, ppx_rapper also provides (limited) support for custom types via user-provided encoding and decoding functions. Consider the following example, adapted from the mysql_ppx section for the same feature:

module Suit : Rapper.CUSTOM = struct
  type t = Clubs | Diamonds | Hearts | Spades

  let t =
    let encode = function
      | Clubs -> Ok "c"
      | Diamonds -> Ok "d"
      | Hearts -> Ok "h"
      | Spades -> Ok "s"
    in
    let decode = function
      | "c" -> Ok Clubs
      | "d" -> Ok Diamonds
      | "h" -> Ok Hearts
      | "s" -> Ok Spades
      | _   -> Error "invalid suit"
    in
    Caqti_type.(custom ~encode ~decode string)
end

let get_cards =
  [%rapper get_many
   {sql| SELECT @int{id}, @Suit{suit} FROM cards WHERE suit <> %Suit{suit} |sql}]

The syntax extension will recognize type specifications that start with an uppercase letter -- Suit in our example -- and assume they refer to a module (available in the scope where the extension is evaluated) that implements the Rapper.CUSTOM signature, as listed below:

module type CUSTOM = sig
  type t

  val t : t Caqti_type.t
end

Note: custom type support in this syntax extension is fairly limited and not meant to be used for e.g. composite types in the output. If you intend to get the return values for your query in a record, there's support for that with the record_out option (described below).

List support for input parameters

ppx_rapper has limited support for queries that take a list of values as input, through the special %list{} construct. An example is shown below:

let users =
  [%rapper
    get_opt
      {sql|
      SELECT @int{id}, @string{username}, @bool{following}, @string?{bio}
      FROM users
      WHERE following = %bool{following} and username IN (%list{%int{ids}})
      |sql}]

Current limitations for list include:

• Only one list input parameter is supported at this time;
• Generated Caqti queries are dynamically generated, and thus oneshot as per the documentation. Turning this off is not currently supported, but please let us know if you have a use case for it.

Extension options

If record_in or record_out are given as options like so:

let my_query =
  [%rapper
    get_opt
      {sql|
      SELECT @int{id}, @string{username}, @bool{following}, @string?{bio}
      FROM users
      WHERE username <> %string{wrong_user} AND id > %int{min_id}
      |sql}
      record_in record_out]

then the input and/or output of the query will be records. For the example above, they would have type {id: int; wrong_user: string} and {id: int; username: string; following: bool; bio: string option} respectively. The default non-record methods are labelled arguments and tuples respectively.

Instead of record_out you can give function_out, in which case the first argument to the generated function should be a function with labelled arguments of the types of the output parameters, like so:

let show_user_names =
  [%rapper
    get_many {sql| SELECT @int{id}, @string{name} FROM users |sql} function_out]
    (fun ~name ~id -> Printf.sprintf "User %d is called %s" id name)

By default, queries are syntax checked using pg_query-ocaml and the extension will error if syntax checking fails. If you are using a non-Postgres SQL dialect or this gives a false positive error for a query it can be suppressed using the syntax_off option.

Multiple outputs

With the record_out or function_out option, an output parameter @type{param_name} will usually map to a record field name or labelled argument param_name. However, different behaviour occurs if there are output parameters containing dots. In this case, multiple outputs will be produced. For example:

let get_user_hat =
  [%rapper
    get_one
      {sql|
      SELECT @int{users.user_id}, @string{users.name},
             @int{hats.hat_id}, @string{hats.colour}
      FROM users
      JOIN hats ON hats.hat_id = users.hat_id
      WHERE users.id = 7
      |sql}
      record_out]

will produce output with type { user_id: int; name: string} * { hat_id: int; colour: string}. Similarly, with function_out the generated function will take a tuple of loading functions. Ordering of elements of these tuples is given by the order of their first output parameters in the query.

Note that multiple outputs that share field names (for instance @int{users.id} and @int{hats.id} in the same query) will not work with record_out, but will work fine with function_out.

Loading data with one-to-many relationships

The multiple outputs feature can be used with the runtime function Rapper.load_many to conveniently load entities with one-to-many relationships, as in the following example:

module Twoot = struct
  type t = { id: int; content: string; likes: int }

  let make ~id ~content ~likes = { id; content; likes }
end

module User = struct
  type t = { id: int; name: string; twoots: Twoot.t list }

  let make ~id ~name = { id; name; twoots = [] }
end

let get_multiple_function_out () dbh =
  let open Lwt_result.Infix in
  [%rapper
    get_many
      {sql|
      SELECT @int{users.id}, @string{users.name},
             @int{twoots.id}, @string{twoots.content}, @int{twoots.likes}
      FROM users
      JOIN twoots ON twoots.user_id = users.id
      ORDER BY users.id
      |sql}
      function_out]
    (User.make, Twoot.make) () dbh
  >|= Rapper.load_many
        (fst, fun { User.id; _ } -> id)
        [ (snd, fun user twoots -> { user with twoots }) ]

Here, the query itself produces a list of tuples, where the first element is a user and the second element is one of that user's "twoots". The query is sorted by user id, so all twoots belonging to one user are adjacent. Using Rapper.load_many produces a list of the unique users with the twoots field filled correctly.

Contributions

Contributions are very welcome!