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Disclaimer
All information is provided for educational purposes only. Follow these instructions at your own risk. Neither the authors nor their employer are responsible for any direct or consequential damage or loss arising from any person or organization acting or failing to act on the basis of information contained in this page.
Content
Introduction
Required Software
Generating the Payload
Generating the Unlock Token
Preparing the SPI Flash Image
Integrating Files Into the Firmware Image
Disabling OEM Signing
Building the Firmware Image
BringUP Main CPU
Writing the Image to SPI Flash
Preparing the USB Debug Cable
Patching OpenIPC Configuration Files
Decrypting OpenIPC Configuration Files
Adding LMT Core to the Configuration
Setting the IPC_PATH Environment Variable
Performing an Initial Check of JTAG Operability
Show CPU ME Thread
Halting Cores
ME Debugging: Quick Start
Reading Arbitrary Memory
Reading ROM
Why TXE?
Tested Platforms List
Authors
License
Introduction
Vulnerability INTEL-SA-00086 allows to activate JTAG for Intel Management Engine core. We developed our JTAG PoC for the Gigabyte Brix GP-BPCE-3350C platform. Although we recommend that would-be researchers use the same platform, other manufacturers' platforms with the Intel Apollo Lake chipset should support the PoC as well (for TXE version 3.0.1.1107).
Required Software
Intel System Tools
Vulnerability INTEL-SA-00086 involves a buffer overflow when handling a file stored on MFS (the internal ME file system). The full file path is /home/bup/ct. You will need to integrate it into the ME firmware by using Intel Flash Image Tool (FIT), one of the Intel System Tools provided by Intel to OEMs of hardware based on Intel PCH chipsets. Here is the structure of the root directory of the Intel System Tools package:
The Intel ME (TXE, SPS) System Tools utilities are not intended for end users—so you cannot find them on the official Intel website. However, some OEMs publish them as part of software updates together with device drivers. So, for integrating our PoC you need Intel TXE System Tools version 3.x, which can be found online.
Intel System Studio
You need to install Intel System Studio, a trial version of which can be downloaded from Intel site. In our experiments, we used Intel System Studio 2018.
Intel TXE Firmware
The PoC targets Intel TXE firmware version 3.0.1.1107. The SPI Flash image for Gigabyte GB-BPCE-3350C version F5 contains the necessary firmware version.
Python
All our scripts are written on Python. We recommend using Python 2.7 Also the scripts require pycrypto packet. To install pycrypto, run the following command:
pip install pycrypto
AMIBCP
This utility is only necessary if you need to bring up CPU.
EFI Human Interface Infrastructure (HII) is a special mechanism for creating a user interface in the UEFI, as well as processing and managing user input. EFI HII identifies default values for all options, including the hidden ones. As soon as the option related to DCI is found, it can be activated for the default configuration, and DCI can be enabled by restoring the BIOS factory settings. For bringing up the main CPU you need AMI BIOS Configuration Program version 5.xx, which can be also found online.
Generating the Payload
Run the script me_exp_bxtp.py:
me_exp_bxtp.py -f <file_name>
The script generates the necessary data and exports it to the specified file (indicate either the full file path or, within the current directory, simply a name, ct.bin by default). This file will be used later by FIT.
Generating the Unlock Token
Run the script me_utok_bxtp.py:
me_utok_bxtp.py -f <file_name>
The script generates the necessary data and exports it to the specified file (indicate either the full file path or, within the current directory, simply a name, utok.bin by default). This file will be used later by FIT.
Preparing the SPI Flash Image
Activating DCI option
Skip this step if you don't need to bring up the CPU.
To activate the DCI Enable option, run the AMIBCP utility and use it to open the SPI firmware image provided with your platform. For the Gigabyte Brix GP-BPCE-3350C, open the file downloaded from the Gigabyte link indicated above (path to image file in the archive: F5/image.bin).
Now we need to enable the HDCIEN option in the Setup Configuration tab.
Integrate payload
To integrate ct.bin and utok.bin files, run the FIT utility (fit.exe) and use it to open the SPI firmware image.
Other Hardware Platform
If you are using an other hardware platform and don't have access to TXE 3.0.1.1107, you can download an SPI Flash image for Gigabyte GB-BPCE-3350C version F5 and extract the TXE section through FIT. FIT extracts different sections of the overall SPI image (SPI descriptor, UEFI/BIOS firmware, Intel ME firmware, and Unlock Token) when the image is opened and saves them in the folder *"image_name"/Decomp *.
So you can find the file with necessary Intel TXE firmware at <image name>/Decomp/TXE Region.bin Then, in FIT, open the SPI image for your particular platform and replace the file containing the Intel TXE firmware with the version obtained from the GB Brix 3350c image ("Intel(R) TXE Binary File" on the Flash Layout tab):
Integrating Files Into the Firmware Image
Now we need to indicate in FIT the files we generated for /home/bup/ct and Unlock Token. On the Debug tab in FIT, you can specify the Trace Hub Binary and Unlock Token to integrate into the firmware. These should be the files that we generated already.
Disabling OEM Signing
Simply remove the OEM Public Key Hash field from FIT:
Building the Firmware Image
Build the image by selecting Build Image in the Build menu.
Ignore the message about BootGuard settings (click "Yes"):
If everything has been done correctly up to this point, the build process should be successful and FIT outputs something like the following console message:
BringUP Main CPU
Skip this step if you don't need to bring up the CPU.
You have to activate HAP mode for bringing up the CPU. 0-bit of the byte at the offset +0x102 should be set:
Writing the Image to SPI Flash
To write the image to SPI flash, we highly recommend using an SPI programmer.
Be sure to back up the original firmware so you can restore from it if something goes wrong!
Preparing the USB Debug Cable
You will need a USB 3.0 debug cable to connect to the platform. Either buy one specially made for the purpose or hack together your own from a USB 3.0 AM–AM cable by isolating the D+, D-, and Vcc contacts.
Patching OpenIPC Configuration Files
Intel develops and provides users with two software packages that can be used for JTAG debugging of platforms and the main CPU: DAL (DFx Abstraction Layer) and OpenIPC. Both DAL and OpenIPC are part of Intel System Studio. After installation of Intel System Studio 2018, OpenIPC appears in the following directory:
Windows
C:\Intel\OpenIPC_1.1740.2381.100
Linux
/opt/intel/system_studio_2018/system_debugger_2018/debugger/openipc
The OpenIPC configuration is encrypted and does not support the TXE core. So decrypt the configuration and add a TXE description to it.
Decrypting OpenIPC Configuration Files
To decrypt the configuration files, extract the key from the StructuredData library (linux: libStructuredData_x64.so, Windows: StructuredData_x64.dll) in OpenIPC/Bin using the IDA Pro script openipc_key_extract.py. Pass the key (in our case, 4504fb02be0a9c4c84df2a89cf508bc3) to the script config_decryptor.py with path to the OpenIPC directory.
config_decryptor.py –k 4504fb02be0a9c4c84df2a89cf508bc3 –p C:\Intel\OpenIPC
Adding LMT Core to the Configuration
The supplied version of OpenIPC does not have the necessary information about the TXE core. So we need to apply a patch (patch.diff) to the decrypted OpenIPC configuration files. Here's how to do it:
patch -p2 < patch.diff
Setting the IPC_PATH Environment Variable
After decryption and patching, set the IPC_PATH environment variable to the new OpenIPC directory so that ipccli uses the modified OpenIPC version. For instance:
Windows
set IPC_PATH=c:\Intel\OpenIPC\Bin
Performing an Initial Check of JTAG Operability
The activator blocks subsequent loading by keeping the BUP process in a loop after JTAG is activated. After launch, the platform will not show any signs of life (the monitor does not turn on, keyboard indicators do not light up, and no BIOS POST sound is played). So you will need to check via DCI debugging that the platform has gotten "stuck" in the BUP module.
Like DAL, the OpenIPC library includes a command-line interface (CLI), written in Python and provided as a library for Python as part of Intel System Studio, which can be installed on the system with the help of pip. The installation package for ipccli is at the following path: Windows
<Program Files(x86)>\IntelSWTools\system_debugger_2018\debugger\ipccli\ ipccli-1.1740.544.100-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Linux
/opt/intel/system_studio_2018/system_debugger_2018/debugger/ipccli/ipccli-1.1811.727.100-py2.py3-none-any.whl
To install ipccli, run the following console command:
pip install ipccli-1.1740.544.100-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Once installed, ipccli is available within the runtime of the corresponding Python version (the one from which pip was invoked). To get started with OpenIPC, run the following commands in the Python console:
import ipccli
ipc = ipccli.baseaccess()
The mechanism for connecting to the target platform via DCI launches, resulting in the following console output:
When no connection is established—for example, if the platform is not powered on or is not physically connected via DCI—messages will resemble the following:
If DCI connection is successful, make sure that the PERSONALITY register of the DFX_AGGRAGATOR device equals 3. The PERSONALITY register has an IR (Instruction Register) code of 0x54. To read it, run the following commands:
dfx_agg = ipc.devs.mdu_dfx_agg_tap0
ipc.irdrscan(dfx_agg, 0x54, 32)
Here is what the result of that command should look like:
ME Debugging: Quick Start
The ipccli utility comes with rather detailed HTML documentation, which can be found in a folder of the ipccli Python package:
<Python Dir>\Lib\site-packages\ipccli\html\Index.html
Show CPU ME Thread
If the previous steps have been performed correctly, when a connection to the platform is made via ipccli, the TXE core is accessible via CSE Tap and ipccli allows accessing it by applying the following ipccli path:
ipc.devs.cse_c0.threads[0]
But since the PoC blocks loading of the platform until the main CPU is initialized, its cores are inaccessible via JTAG and the ME core can be accessed via the following command:
ipc.threads[0]
Halting Cores
To halt ME processor instructions, run the following command:
me = ipc.devs.cse_c0.threads[0]
me.halt()
To halt CPU processor instructions, run the following command:
core = ipc.threads[0]
core.halt()
The console displays the logical address of the instruction at which the halt was made.
Reading Arbitrary Memory
OpenIPC allows reading memory after the halt, for example:
ipc.threads[0].mem("0xf0080004P", 4)
You can specify a logical address (sel:offset), linear address (L modifier), or physical address (P modifier).
Reading ROM
The ME system agent (MISA) allows getting the initial physical address of the ROM region, which includes the ME reset vector. You can get the ROM address via the Hunit ROM Memory Base (HROMMB) register at offset 0xe20 MISA MMIO (0xf0000000P):
ROM always resides from ROMBASE to 0xffffffff To copy the ROM to a file, run the following command:
ipc.threads[0].memsave("<file path>", "0xfffe0000p", 0x20001)
It is important to specify the size as 0x20001, as opposed to 0x20000 (otherwise OpenIPC runs into issues due to problems with 64-bit access, which is not possible for the 32-bit ME core). The last byte of the file can be thrown out, since it is not part of the ROM.
Why TXE?
The platform gives more opportunities for debugging without a special Intel CCA-SVT adapter and allows debugging the earliest stages of the TXE core via an ordinary USB debug cable.
Related URLs:
Intel ME: The Way of the Static Analysis
Intel ME: Flash File System Explained
How to Hack a Turned-Off Computer or Running Unsigned Code in Intel Management Engine
Inside Intel Management Engine
Disabling Intel ME 11 via undocumented mode
Tested Platforms List
- Gigabyte Mini-PC Barebone (BRIX) GB-BPCE-3350C (rev:1.1, 1.2)
- Beelink M1
Authors
Mark Ermolov (@_markel___)
Maxim Goryachy (@h0t_max)
Research Team
Mark Ermolov (@_markel___)
Maxim Goryachy (@h0t_max)
Dmitry Sklyarov (@_Dmit)
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Mark Ermolov, Maxim Goryachy at Positive Technologies
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.