Awesome

IOCTLbf

This is a project from back in tha dayz, in 2011-2012. Kinda dirty code, but worked for me to find several bugs in Windows Drivers.<br /> Here is one of them: https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/17902/<br /> More info about this tool and kernel exploitation at: http://poppopret.blogspot.fr/<br /> For french people, an article was also written in MISC Magazine #62: http://connect.ed-diamond.com/MISC/MISC-062/De-la-decouverte-d-une-vulnerabilite-dans-un-driver-Windows-a-l-elevation-de-privileges

Overview
Reminder about IOCTLs
- IOCTL codes
- Buffer specifications
Command line options
Usage
Example
Building from sources

Overview

IOCTLbf is just a small tool (Proof of Concept) that can be used to search vulnerabilities in Windows kernel drivers by performing two tasks:

Scanning for valid IOCTLs codes supported by drivers,
Generation-based IOCTL fuzzing

An advantage of this tool is that it does not rely on captured IOCTLs. Therefore, it is able to detect valid IOCTLs codes supported by drivers and that are not often, or even never, used by applications from user land.<br /> For example, it may be the case for:

IOCTLs called in very specific conditions (not easy to discover and/or to reproduce).
IOCTLs used for debugging purpose that are sometimes let in drivers.

Once scanning is done and valid IOCTLs have been found for a given driver, the user can choose one IOCTL in the list to begin the fuzzing process. Note that this tool only performs generation-based fuzzing. Compared to mutation-based fuzzing (which consists in taking valid IOCTL buffers and adding anomalies), the code coverage is of course less important.

Note: for mutation-based IOCTL fuzzing, check out the great tool IOCTL fuzzer (http://code.google.com/p/ioctlfuzzer/). Basically, it hooks NtDeviceIoControlFile in order to take control of all IOCTL requests throughout the system.

ioctlbf1 ioctlbf2

Reminder about IOCTLs

IOCTL codes

  According to winioctl.h:

   IOCTL's are defined by the following bit layout.
 [Common |Device Type|Required Access|Custom|Function Code|Transfer Type]
   31     30       16 15          14  13   12           2  1            0

   Common          - 1 bit.  This is set for user-defined
                     device types.
   Device Type     - This is the type of device the IOCTL
                     belongs to.  This can be user defined
                     (Common bit set).  This must match the
                     device type of the device object.
   Required Access - FILE_READ_DATA, FILE_WRITE_DATA, etc.
                     This is the required access for the
                     device.
   Custom          - 1 bit.  This is set for user-defined
                     IOCTL's.  This is used in the same
                     manner as "WM_USER".
   Function Code   - This is the function code that the
                     system or the user defined (custom
                     bit set)
   Transfer Type   - METHOD_IN_DIRECT, METHOD_OUT_DIRECT,
                     METHOD_NEITHER, METHOD_BUFFERED, This
                     the data transfer method to be used.

	For a given device, only the fields "Function Code" and "Transfer Type"
	change for the different supported IOCTL codes.

Buffer specifications

Buffer sizes:

Input Size   =  nt!_IO_STACK_LOCATION.Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength
Output Size  =  nt!_IO_STACK_LOCATION.Parameters.DeviceIoControl.OutputBufferLength

The way buffers are passed from userland to kernelland, and from kernelland to userland, depends on the method which is used. Here are the differences:

METHOD_BUFFERED:

Input Buffer  = nt!_IRP.AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer
Output Buffer = nt!_IRP.AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer

input & output buffers use the same location, so the buffer allocated by the I/O manager is the size of the larger value (output vs. input).

METHOD_X_DIRECT:

Input Buffer  = nt!_IRP.AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer
Output Buffer = nt!_IRP.MdlAddress

the input buffer is passed in using "BUFFERED" implementation. The output buffer is passed in using a MDL (which permits Direct Memory Access). The difference between "IN" and "OUT" is that with "IN", you can use the output buffer to pass in data! The "OUT" is only used to return data.

METHOD_NEITHER:

Input Buffer  = nt!_IO_STACK_LOCATION.Parameters.DeviceIoControl.Type3InputBuffer
Output Buffer = nt!_IRP.UserBuffer

input & output buffers sizes may be different. The I/O manager does not provide any system buffers or MDLs. The IRP supplies the user-mode virtual addresses of the input and output buffer

Command line options

>ioctlbf.EXE

  Usage
  -----
  ioctlbf.EXE -d <deviceName> (-i <code>|-r <code>-<code>) [-u] [-q] [-f] [-e]

  Options
  -------
  -d    Symbolic device name (without \\.\)
  -i    IOCTL code used as reference for scanning (see also -u)
  -r    IOCTL codes range (format: 00004000-00008000) to fuzz
  -u    Fuzz only the IOCTL specified with -i
  -f    Filter out IOCTLs with no buffer length restriction
  -q    Quiet mode (do not display hexdumps when fuzzing)
  -e    Display error codes during IOCTL codes scanning
  -h    Display this help

  Examples
  --------
Scanning by Function code + Transfer type bruteforce from given valid IOCTL:
  > ioctlbf.EXE -d deviceName -i 00004000 -q

Scanning a given IOCTL codes range (filter enabled):
  > ioctlbf.EXE -d deviceName -r 00004000-00004fff -f

Fuzzing only a given IOCTL (quiet mode):
  > ioctlbf.EXE -d deviceName -i 00004000 -u -q

Usage

First of all, it is necessary to locate the target driver. A tool like DriverView (http://www.nirsoft.net/utils/driverview.html) can be used in order to easily spot non-Microsoft drivers (third-party drivers).
Then, it is necessary to check the device(s) associated with the target driver. A good tool to do this is DeviceTree for example (http://www.osronline.com/article.cfm?article=97)
Check the security attributes (DACL) of the device(s). It should be available for limited users in order to make it interesting froman attacker point of view. Indeed, vulnerabilities in drivers may lead to Local Privilege Escalation on the system, or just Denial of Service when it is not exploitable.
Retrieve the symbolic link used by applications to communicate with one device of the target driver. All symbolic links can be listed with the Sysinternal's tool WinObj in the "GLOBAL??" section (http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896657).
Finally, it is necessary to know at least one valid IOCTL code supported by the target driver. For example, it can be easily done by monitoring IRPs with a tool like OSR's IrpTracker Utility (http://www.osronline.com/article.cfm?article=199). Make sure to apply a filter on "DEVICE_CONTROL" only and to select only the target driver. Of course, it is also possible to retrieve valid IOCTL codes directly by reverse engineering the driver.
Once a valid IOCTL code is retrieved, ioctlbf can be used. One of the following IOCTL codes scanning modes can be chosen:

Function code + Transfer type bruteforce
IOCTL codes range
Single IOCTL code The scanning process returns supported IOCTL codes and accepted buffer sizes for each one.

The next step simply consists in chosing one IOCTL to fuzz. The fuzzing process actually follows the following steps:

[if method != METHOD_BUFFERED] Invalid addresses of input/output buffers
Check for trivial kernel overflows
Fuzzing with predetermined DWORDs (invalid addresses, addresses pointing to long ascii/unicode strings, address pointing to a table of invalid addresses).
Fuzzing with fully random data

Example

>ioctlbf.EXE -d aswSnx -i 82ac0200 -q

[~] Open handle to the device \\.\aswSnx ... OK

  Summary
  -------
  IOCTL scanning mode   : Function + transfer type bf 0x82ac0000 - 0x82ac3fff
  Filter mode           : Filter disabled
  Symbolic Device Name  : \\.\aswSnx
  Device Type           : 0x000082ac
  Device handle         : 0x000007dc

[~] Bruteforce function code + transfer type and determine input sizes...
................
[+] 11 valid IOCTL have been found

  Valid IOCTLs found
  ------------------
  0x82ac0204    function code: 0x0081
                transfer type: METHOD_BUFFERED
                input bufsize: fixed size = 240 (0xf0)

  0x82ac00cc    function code: 0x0033
                transfer type: METHOD_BUFFERED
                input bufsize: min = 4 (0x4) | max = 4096 (0x1000)

[...]

[?] Choose an IOCTL to fuzz...
        [0] 0x82ac0204
        [1] 0x82ac00cc
        [2] 0x82ac0098
        [3] 0x82ac0074
        [4] 0x82ac0070
        [5] 0x82ac0068
        [6] 0x82ac0064
        [7] 0x82ac0060
        [8] 0x82ac0058
        [9] 0x82ac0054
        [10] 0x82ac0014
Choice : 0

  FuzZing IOCTL 0x82ac0204
  ------------------------
[0x82ac0204] Checking for trivial kernel overflows ...
................DONE

[0x82ac0204] Fuzzing with predetermined DWORDs, max buffer size...
(Ctrl+C to pass to the next step)

[...]

Building from sources

Go to the directory .\src\
Edit the file "makefile.txt" (set correct API directories "API_DIRx") and the PATH in the file "build.bat"
Execute ".\build.bat release"