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Engineering Leadership Interviews
Repository of interview questions for Engineering Leadership roles - Engineering Manager, Director of Engineering, VP Engineering and also senior IC roles. Based on my experience of interviewing for EM roles with product startups in India
Table of Contents
Roles and Expectations
Early-stage, Seed Startups - 5-30 engineers
- will be hiring you as their first EM, Head of Engineering or VP Engineering. You will be responsible for leading the entire tech team and be the key person for all tech decisioning including architecture, team structure and hiring strategy
- expect you to be extremely hands-on with programming because you will be their first senior management level hire. You will be seen as a pseudo CTO
Series A/B Startups - 30-100 engineers
- more like a tech lead with a lot of focus on delivery and also play the role of an architect whenever needed
Series C/D Startups - 100-500 engineers
- focus on lot more on overall understanding of system design, people management, processes and past experiences
- emphasis on scale, crushing business goals. The orgnaisation will have good structure in place with proper management frameworks like OKRs and Career ladders clearly defined
Interview Rounds
Screening
Conducted by: A peer or your future manager
What: Getting to know each other.
- Brief introduction of the panel and candidate
- What was the best thing you built?
- What was the worst thing you built?
- How would you do it if you had to do it all over again?
- What was your team structure like? How did it change over time?
- How does code get deployed in your company? Who owns this?
- What are you looking for in your next job?
Programming
Conducted by: Tech Leads
What: Not all companies have coding rounds for EMs. Early stage companies will definitely have one
- Find the smallest positive number missing from an unsorted array
- Build a traversal algorithm to lookup for valid words in a matrix
- Find the row in a matrix with minimum number of Os
Design
Conducted by: Sr. Engineers, Architects, Principal Engineers
What: This is usually a LLD Round. The interviewer is trying to understand if you understand the fundamentals of designing a new system from scratch. Most companies will do this face to face. But some remote-first companies might give you a take home project
Brainstorm with the Interviewer
- Design a ledger app for shops
- Implement a data structure that will get preferences for the 100 recent users on your app. Similar Problem
- What would be the data structure to find top 10 hashtags in Twitter of any particular date?
- How would you implement a system that generates unique IDs for various objects in Twitter considering this is a highly distributed system? Real life implementation
- How would you go about building a distributed load balancer from scratch?
- Assuming different lines of business, how will you build a unified dashboard for management financial metrics
- Build a system that will manage sale of limited products in e-commerce campaigns (Example - OnePlus, Redmi launches in Amazon)
- Build a URL shortner for an event management product that will be used to send ticket links in SMS
- Build a central notification system for a large e-commerce player
- Build a central distributed cache system for a large e-commerce player
Take Home Problem Statements
These are usually projects which we need to implement at our own time and pace. Timelines are usually 3-5 days depending on complexity
- How would you implement Fast.com from scratch? Write a detailed Tech Spec
- Build a rule engine that will manage the workflows of a logistics company - implement the APIs
- Build discoverability capabilities for a data lake
Architecture
Conducted by: CTO, Architects, Principal Engineers
What: HLD and System Design Concepts
Concepts and Experience
- Challenging problems you worked on as an IC
- Monolith vs microservices. Pros and Cons. When to use what?
- How is microservices better or worse purely based on scalability (and not agility)
- DB sharding - what all should be tried out before you have to shard
- NoSQL vs RDBMS - What will be your strategy to choose a specific type of DB
- What are some examples of how you managed a P0 incident? What steps you took to ensure it is resolved and not repeated again
- Define the architecture to build an offline-first mobile-first data collection platform
Product Thinking and Execution
Conducted by: Product Managers
What: Do you have a product first mindset and understand how product companies work? Can you work with different stakeholders
Product Problems
- As a PM in a cab hailing company, what would you build into the product so that you are ready for lockdown kind of situations if Covid 2.0 were to happen
- As a PM in a low cost Airline, what is the research that you will do to start a new route for your airline? How would you make the pitch? What would you go about measuring P&L and how would you price the ticket?
Execution
- How do you prioritise between business requirements and tech debt?
- How do you plan - OKRs / Quarterly / Sprints?
- How do you measure the success of a project?
- How do you deal with production issues?
Management
Conducted by: Founders, PMs, Hiring Manager
What: Results, Impact, Leadership
Note: This round is super critical for leadership roles. This is what differentiates managers from Senior IC Engineers
You
- How did you get into leadership? What excites you about management?
- What is an event where you stepped up?
- As a manger, what is something you are extremely proud of?
- As a manager, what has been a difficult situation you had to deal with?
- Do you want to be an entrepreneur? What is stopping you right now?
Team
- What was the composition of your team? According to what is an ideal team?
- Did you have to manage people more experienced than you?
- Have you hired people? What rounds would you conduct?
- What are some traits you would look for when hiring?
- Are there examples of people in your team not performing? What action did you take?
- Were there instances when you had to let go of people?
- What are some of the things you did to build ownership?
- What are some of the things you tried to build ownership but failed?
- How do you give and take feedback?
- How do you decide which problems you need to jump on to - team vs yourself?
Deliveries
- How do you manage multiple priorities?
- How do you deal with delays in timelines?
Culture Fit
Conducted by: Founders, HRBP
What: People Management
- How did people grow in your team? What are some good examples?
- What is a feedback you have received from the team?
- What is a feedback you have received from your manager?
- What is something you are proud of as an EM?
- How do you deal with a star performer who is too arrogant to adopt the new processes you have introduced
Offer
- Your offer will always have a mix of fixed, variable and ESOPs
- Try to negotiate for overall value depending on the stage of the company. In case of ESOPs ask for number of options and current valuation