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StringSifter is a machine learning tool that automatically ranks strings based on their relevance for malware analysis.

Quick Links

Usage

StringSifter requires Python version 3.9 or newer. Run the following commands to get the code, run unit tests, and use the tool:

Installation

pip install stringsifter

For development, use poetry:

git clone https://github.com/mandiant/stringsifter.git
cd stringsifter
poetry install --with dev

Running Unit Tests

To run unit tests from the StringSifter installation directory:

poetry run tests -v

Running from the Command Line

The pip install command installs two runnable scripts flarestrings and rank_strings into your python environment. When developing from source, use pipenv run flarestrings and pipenv run rank_strings.

flarestrings mimics features of GNU binutils' strings, and rank_strings accepts piped input, for example:

flarestrings <my_sample> | rank_strings

rank_strings supports a number of command line arguments. The positional argument input_strings specifies a file of strings to rank. The optional arguments are:

OptionMeaning
--scores (-s)Include the rank scores in the output
--limit (-l)Limit output to the top limit ranked strings
--min-score (-m)Limit output to strings with score >= min-score
--batch (-b)Specify a folder of strings outputs for batch processing

Ranked strings are written to standard output unless the --batch option is specified, causing ranked outputs to be written to files named <input_file>.ranked_strings.

flarestrings supports an option -n (or --min-len) to print sequences of characters that are at least min-len characters long, instead of the default 4. For example:

flarestrings -n 8 <my_sample> | rank_strings

will print and rank only strings of length 8 or greater.

Running from a Docker container

docker build -t stringsifter -f docker/Dockerfile .

cat <my_sample> | docker run -i stringsifter flarestrings | docker run -i stringsifter rank_strings

docker run -v <my_malware>:/samples -it stringsifter

where <my_malware> contains samples for analysis, for example:

docker run -v $HOME/malware/binaries:/samples -it stringsifter

flarestrings /samples/<my_sample> | rank_strings <options>

All command line arguments are supported in the containerized scripts.

Running on FLOSS Output

StringSifter can be applied to arbitrary lists of strings, making it useful for practitioners looking to glean insights from alternative intelligence-gathering sources such as live memory dumps, sandbox runs, or binaries that contain obfuscated strings. For example, FireEye Labs Obfuscated Strings Solver (FLOSS) extracts printable strings just as Strings does, but additionally reveals obfuscated strings that have been encoded, packed, or manually constructed on the stack. It can be used as an in-line replacement for Strings, meaning that StringSifter can be similarly invoked on FLOSS output using the following command:

$PY2_VENV/bin/floss –q <options> <my_sample> | rank_strings <options>

Notes:

  1. The –q argument suppresses headers and formatting to show only extracted strings. To learn more about additional FLOSS options, please see its Usage Docs.
  2. FLOSS requires Python 2, while StringSifter requires Python 3. In the example command at least one of floss or rank_strings must include a relative path referencing a python virtual enviroment.
  3. FLOSS can be downloaded as a standalone executable. In this case it is not required to specify a Python environment because the executable does not rely on a Python interpreter.

Notes on running strings

This distribution includes the flarestrings program to ensure predictable output across platforms. If you choose to run your system's installed strings note that its options are not consistent across versions and platforms:

Linux

Most Linux distributions include the strings program from GNU Binutils. To extract both "wide" and "narrow" strings the program must be run twice, piping to an output file:

strings <my_sample>       > strs.txt   # narrow strings
strings -el <my_sample>  >> strs.txt   # wide strings.  note the ">>"

MacOS

Some versions of BSD strings packaged with MacOS do not support wide strings. Also note that the -a option to strings to scan the whole file may be disabled in the default configuration. Without -a informative strings may be lost. We recommend installing GNU Binutils via Homebrew or MacPorts to get a version of strings that supports wide characters. Use care to invoke the correct version of strings.

Windows

strings is not installed by default on Windows. We recommend installing Windows Sysinternals, Cygwin, or Malcode Analyst Pack to get a working strings.

Discussion

This version of StringSifter was trained using Strings outputs from sampled malware binaries associated with the first EMBER dataset. Ordinal labels were generated using weak supervision procedures, and supervised learning is performed by Gradient Boosted Decision Trees with a learning-to-rank objective function. See Quick Links for further technical details. Please note that neither labeled data nor training code is currently available, though we may reconsider this approach in future releases.

Issues

We use GitHub Issues for posting bugs and feature requests.

Acknowledgements