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Estimation of continuous valence and arousal levels from faces in naturalistic conditions, Nature Machine Intelligence 2021

Official implementation of the paper "Estimation of continuous valence and arousal levels from faces in naturalistic conditions", Antoine Toisoul, Jean Kossaifi, Adrian Bulat, Georgios Tzimiropoulos and Maja Pantic, published in Nature Machine Intelligence, January 2021 [1]. Work done in collaboration between Samsung AI Center Cambridge and Imperial College London.

Please find a full-text, view only, version of the paper here.

The full article is available on the Nature Machine Intelligence website.

Youtube Video

Updates

August, 24th, 2024: We added demo_video.py as an example of how to run face detection and emotion recognition on a video. The script includes a visualization similar to what is shown in our Youtube video.

August, 14th, 2024: We added demo.py as an example of how to run the model on a single face image.

Testing the pretrained models on an image/video

The code requires the following Python packages :

  Pytorch (tested on version 1.2.0)
  OpenCV (tested on version 4.1.0
  skimage (tested on version 0.15.0)
  face alignment (https://github.com/1adrianb/face-alignment)

We provide two pretrained models : one on 5 emotional classes and one on 8 classes. In addition to categorical emotions, both models also predict valence and arousal values as well as facial landmarks.

To run the model on a single image you can use the following command:

  python demo.py --nclass 8 --image_path images/example.png

We also provide a script to run emotion recognition on a video. The script includes a visualization similar to what is shown in our Youtube video. To run the model on a given video, you can use the following command:

  python demo_video.py --nclass 8 --video_path relative_path_to_your_video.mp4 --output_path output.mp4

Quantitatively testing the pretrained models

To evaluate the pretrained models on the cleaned AffectNet test set, you need to first download the AffectNet dataset. Then simply run :

  python test.py --nclass 8

where nclass defines which model you would like to test (5 or 8).

Please note that the provided pickle files contain the list of images (filenames) that we used for testing/validation but not the image files.

The program will output the following results :

Results on AffectNet cleaned test set for 5 classes

 Expression
  ACC=0.82

 Valence
  CCC=0.90, PCC=0.90, RMSE=0.24, SAGR=0.85
 Arousal
  CCC=0.80, PCC=0.80, RMSE=0.24, SAGR=0.79

Results on AffectNet cleaned test set for 8 classes

  Expression
    ACC=0.75

  Valence
    CCC=0.82, PCC=0.82, RMSE=0.29, SAGR=0.84
  Arousal
    CCC=0.75, PCC=0.75, RMSE=0.27, SAGR=0.80

Class number to expression name

The mapping from class number to expression is as follows.

For 8 emotions :

0 - Neutral
1 - Happy
2 - Sad
3 - Surprise
4 - Fear
5 - Disgust
6 - Anger
7 - Contempt

For 5 emotions :

0 - Neutral
1 - Happy
2 - Sad
3 - Surprise
4 - Fear

Citation

If you use this code, please cite:

@article{toisoul2021estimation,
  author  = {Antoine Toisoul and Jean Kossaifi and Adrian Bulat and Georgios Tzimiropoulos and Maja Pantic},
  title   = {Estimation of continuous valence and arousal levels from faces in naturalistic conditions},
  journal = {Nature Machine Intelligence},
  year    = {2021},
  url     = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-020-00280-0}
}

[1] "Estimation of continuous valence and arousal levels from faces in naturalistic conditions", Antoine Toisoul, Jean Kossaifi, Adrian Bulat, Georgios Tzimiropoulos and Maja Pantic, published in Nature Machine Intelligence, January 2021

License

Code available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-ND) license.