Awesome

Errors found in distributed protocols

This page collects bugs (errors) discovered in the description of distributed protocols. We are only interested in bugs in the protocols themselves, not implementation bugs.

Please submit a pull request if you know of an error that is not listed! See CONTRIBUTING.md for detailed instructions.

Table of errors

Protocol	Reference	Violation	Counter-example
PBFT¹	[Castro and Liskov 1999]	liveness	[Berger et al. 2021]
Chord	[Stoica et al. 2001; Liben-Nowell et al. 2002]	liveness²	[Zave 2012; Zave 2017]
Pastry	[Rowstron and Druschel 2001]	safety	[Azmy et al. 2016; Azmy et al. 2018]
Generalised Paxos	[Lamport 2005]	non-triviality³	[Sutra and Shapiro 2010]
FaB Paxos	[Martin and Alvisi 2005; Martin and Alvisi 2006]	liveness	[Abraham et al. 2017]
Multi-Paxos⁴	[Chandra et al. 2007]	safety	[Michael et al. 2017]
Zyzzyva	[Kotla et al. 2007; Kotla et al. 2010]	safety	[Abraham et al. 2017]
CRAQ	[Terrace and Freedman 2009]	safety⁵	[Whittaker 2020]
JPaxos	[Kończak et al. 2011]	safety	[Michael et al. 2017]
VR Revisited	[Liskov and Cowling 2012]	safety	[Michael et al. 2017]
EPaxos	[Moraru et al. 2013]	safety	[Sutra 2020]
EPaxos	[Moraru et al. 2013]	safety	[Whittaker 2021]
Raft	[Ongaro and Ousterhout 2014]	liveness⁶	[Hoch 2014]
Raft	[Ongaro 2014]	safety⁷	[Amos and Zhang 2015; Ongaro 2015]
Raft	[Ongaro and Ousterhout 2014; Ongaro 2014]	liveness	[Howard and Abraham 2020; Jensen et al. 2021]
hBFT	[Duan et al. 2015]	safety	[Shrestha et al. 2019]
Tendermint	[Buchman 2016]	liveness	[Cachin and Vukolić 2017]
CAESAR	[Arun et al. 2017]	liveness	[Enes et al. 2021]
DPaxos	[Nawab et al. 2018]	safety	[Whittaker et al. 2021]
Sync HotStuff	[Abraham et al. 2019]	safety & liveness	[Momose and Cruz 2019]
Gasper	[Buterin et al. 2020]	safety & liveness	[Neu et al. 2021]
STM	[Imbs and Raynal 2010]	safety & liveness	[Belyaev 2010]
FutureBus+	[1992]	safety & liveness	[Clarke et al. 1993]

Acknowledgements

The following people suggested additions to the list:

References

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ABRAHAM, I., MALKHI, D., NAYAK, K., REN, L., AND YIN, M. 2019. Sync HotStuff: Simple and Practical Synchronous State Machine Replication.

AMOS, B. AND ZHANG, H. 2015. 15-812 Term Paper: Specifying and proving cluster membership for the Raft distributed consensus algorithm.

ARUN, B., PELUSO, S., PALMIERI, R., LOSA, G., AND RAVINDRAN, B. 2017. Speeding up Consensus by Chasing Fast Decisions. 2017 47th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 49–60.

AZMY, N., MERZ, S., AND WEIDENBACH, C. 2016. A Rigorous Correctness Proof for Pastry. In: M. Butler, K.-D. Schewe, A. Mashkoor and M. Biro, eds., Abstract State Machines, Alloy, B, TLA, VDM, and Z. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 86–101.

AZMY, N., MERZ, S., AND WEIDENBACH, C. 2018. A machine-checked correctness proof for Pastry. Science of Computer Programming 158, 64–80.

BELYAEV, A. 2010. Верификация алгоритма поддержки транзакционной памяти [Verifying an algorithm for transactional memory support]. Информатика, телекоммуникации и управление [Informatics, telecommunications and control]. 2010. №3 (101).

BERGER, C., REISER, H.P., AND BESSANI, A. 2021. Making Reads in BFT State Machine Replication Fast, Linearizable, and Live. arXiv:2107.11144 [cs].

BUCHMAN, E. 2016. Tendermint: Byzantine Fault Tolerance in the Age of Blockchains. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/9769.

BUTERIN, V., HERNANDEZ, D., KAMPHEFNER, T., ET AL. 2020. Combining GHOST and Casper. arXiv:2003.03052 [cs].

CACHIN, C. AND VUKOLIĆ, M. 2017. Blockchain Consensus Protocols in the Wild. arXiv:1707.01873 [cs].

CASTRO, M. AND LISKOV, B. 1999. Practical byzantine fault tolerance. 3rd symposium on operating systems design and implementation (OSDI 99), USENIX Association.

CHANDRA, T.D., GRIESEMER, R., AND REDSTONE, J. 2007. Paxos made live: An engineering perspective. Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing - PODC ’07, ACM Press, 398–407.

CLARKE, E.M., GRUMBERG, O., HIRAISHI, H., ET AL. 1993. Verification of the futurebus+ cache coherence protocol. Computer hardware description languages and their applications, proceedings of the 11th IFIP WG10.2 international conference on computer hardware description languages and their applications - CHDL ’93, sponsored by IFIP WG10.2 and in cooperation with IEEE COMPSOC, ottawa, ontario, canada, 26-28 april, 1993, 15–30.

DUAN, S., PEISERT, S., AND LEVITT, K.N. 2015. hBFT: Speculative Byzantine Fault Tolerance with Minimum Cost. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 12, 1, 58–70.

ENES, V., BAQUERO, C., GOTSMAN, A., AND SUTRA, P. 2021. Efficient replication via timestamp stability. Proceedings of the Sixteenth European Conference on Computer Systems, ACM, 178–193.

HOCH, E. 2014. Configuration changes. https://groups.google.com/g/raft-dev/c/xux5HRxH3Ic/m/mz_PDK-qMJgJ.

HOWARD, H. AND ABRAHAM, I. 2020. Raft does not Guarantee Liveness in the face of Network Faults. https://decentralizedthoughts.github.io/2020-12-12-raft-liveness-full-omission/.

IEEE 896.1-1991 IEEE STANDARD FOR FUTUREBUS+(R) – LOGICAL PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION. 1992.

IMBS, D. AND RAYNAL, M. 2010. Software transactional memories: An approach for multicore programming. The journal of supercomputing.

JENSEN, C., HOWARD, H., AND MORTIER, R. 2021. Examining Raft’s behaviour during partial network failures. Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on High Availability and Observability of Cloud Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, 11–17.

KOŃCZAK, J., SOUSA SANTOS, N.F. DE, ŻURKOWSKI, T., WOJCIECHOWSKI, P.T., AND SCHIPER, A. 2011. JPaxos: State machine replication based on the Paxos protocol.

KOTLA, R., ALVISI, L., DAHLIN, M., CLEMENT, A., AND WONG, E. 2007. Zyzzyva: Speculative byzantine fault tolerance. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 41, 6, 45–58.

KOTLA, R., ALVISI, L., DAHLIN, M., CLEMENT, A., AND WONG, E. 2010. Zyzzyva: Speculative byzantine fault tolerance. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 27, 4.

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LIBEN-NOWELL, D., BALAKRISHNAN, H., AND KARGER, D. 2002. Analysis of the evolution of peer-to-peer systems. Proceedings of the twenty-first annual symposium on principles of distributed computing, Association for Computing Machinery, 233–242.

LISKOV, B. AND COWLING, J. 2012. Viewstamped Replication Revisited.

MARTIN, J.-P. AND ALVISI, L. 2005. Fast Byzantine Consensus. 2005 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN’05), 402–411.

MARTIN, J.-P. AND ALVISI, L. 2006. Fast Byzantine Consensus. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 3, 3, 202–215.

MICHAEL, E., PORTS, D.R.K., SHARMA, N.K., AND SZEKERES, A. 2017. Recovering Shared Objects Without Stable Storage. 27.

MOMOSE, A. AND CRUZ, J.P. 2019. Force-Locking Attack on Sync Hotstuff.

MORARU, I., ANDERSEN, D.G., AND KAMINSKY, M. 2013. There is more consensus in Egalitarian parliaments. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Association for Computing Machinery, 358–372.

NAWAB, F., AGRAWAL, D., AND EL ABBADI, A. 2018. DPaxos: Managing Data Closer to Users for Low-Latency and Mobile Applications. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Management of Data, Association for Computing Machinery, 1221–1236.

NEU, J., TAS, E.N., AND TSE, D. 2021. Ebb-and-Flow Protocols: A Resolution of the Availability-Finality Dilemma. arXiv:2009.04987 [cs].

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ONGARO, D. 2015. Bug in single-server membership changes. https://groups.google.com/g/raft-dev/c/t4xj6dJTP6E/m/d2D9LrWRza8J.

ONGARO, D. AND OUSTERHOUT, J. 2014. In search of an understandable consensus algorithm. Proceedings of the 2014 USENIX conference on USENIX annual technical conference, USENIX Association, 305–320.

ROWSTRON, A. AND DRUSCHEL, P. 2001. Pastry: Scalable, Decentralized Object Location, and Routing for Large-Scale Peer-to-Peer Systems. Middleware 2001, Springer, 329–350.

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SUTRA, P. 2020. On the correctness of Egalitarian Paxos. Information Processing Letters 156.

SUTRA, P. AND SHAPIRO, M. 2010. Fast Genuine Generalized Consensus.

TERRACE, J. AND FREEDMAN, M.J. 2009. Object Storage on {CRAQ}: High-Throughput Chain Replication for Read-Mostly Workloads.

WHITTAKER, M. 2020. CRAQ Bug. https://github.com/mwhittaker/craq_bug.

WHITTAKER, M. 2021. EPaxos Dependency Set Compaction Bug. https://github.com/mwhittaker/bipartisan_paxos/blob/cbd99cc735215d18c163dc41cb0a05edcb55437d/epaxos_bugs/epaxos_dependency_bug.pdf.

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ZAVE, P. 2012. Using lightweight modeling to understand chord. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 42, 2, 49–57.

ZAVE, P. 2017. Reasoning About Identifier Spaces: How to Make Chord Correct. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 43, 12, 1144–1156.

Footnotes

With the read-only optimisation. ↩
Eventual reachability is Chord’s key correctness property. ↩
Acceptors might accept commands that have not been proposed. ↩
As described in Paxos Made Live. ↩
Client reads might fail due to incorrect garbage collection. ↩
The joint consensus membership change algorithm described in the paper version of Raft had a liveness bug, which was fixed in Ongaro’s PhD thesis. ↩
The bug is in the single-server membership change scheme described in Ongaro’s thesis. ↩