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Introduction

This is a Capacitor plugin for Bluetooth Low Energy. It supports the web, Android and iOS.

The goal is to support the same features on all platforms. Therefore the Web Bluetooth API is taken as a guidline for what features to implement.

This plugin only supports Bluetooth Low Energy, not Bluetooth serial / classic.

Furthermore the plugin only supports the central role of the Bluetooth Low Energy protocol. If you need the peripheral role, take a look a these plugins:

• https://github.com/randdusing/cordova-plugin-bluetoothle
• https://github.com/don/cordova-plugin-ble-peripheral

For support of Web Bluetooth in various browsers, see implementation status.

Below is an index of all the methods available.

• initialize(...)
• isEnabled()
• requestEnable()
• enable()
• disable()
• startEnabledNotifications(...)
• stopEnabledNotifications()
• isLocationEnabled()
• openLocationSettings()
• openBluetoothSettings()
• openAppSettings()
• setDisplayStrings(...)
• requestDevice(...)
• requestLEScan(...)
• stopLEScan()
• getDevices(...)
• getConnectedDevices(...)
• connect(...)
• createBond(...)
• isBonded(...)
• disconnect(...)
• getServices(...)
• discoverServices(...)
• getMtu(...)
• requestConnectionPriority(...)
• readRssi(...)
• read(...)
• write(...)
• writeWithoutResponse(...)
• readDescriptor(...)
• writeDescriptor(...)
• startNotifications(...)
• stopNotifications(...)
• Interfaces
• Enums

See Platform Support for an overview of supported methods on Android, iOS and web.

Installation

npm install @capacitor-community/bluetooth-le
npx cap sync

iOS

On iOS, add the NSBluetoothAlwaysUsageDescription to Info.plist, otherwise the app will crash when trying to use Bluetooth (see here).

If the app needs to use Bluetooth while it is in the background, you also have to add bluetooth-central to UIBackgroundModes (for details see here).

./ios/App/App/Info.plist:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
	<key>CFBundleDevelopmentRegion</key>
	<string>en</string>
  ...
+	<key>NSBluetoothAlwaysUsageDescription</key>
+	<string>Uses Bluetooth to connect and interact with peripheral BLE devices.</string>
+	<key>UIBackgroundModes</key>
+	<array>
+		<string>bluetooth-central</string>
+	</array>
</dict>
</plist>

Note: Bluetooth is not available in the iOS simulator. The initialize call will be rejected with an error "BLE unsupported". You have to test your app on a real device.

Android

On Android, no further steps are required to use the plugin.

(Optional) Android 12 Bluetooth permissions

If your app targets Android 12 (API level 31) or higher and your app doesn't use Bluetooth scan results to derive physical location information, you can strongly assert that your app doesn't derive physical location. This allows the app to scan for Bluetooth devices without asking for location permissions. See the Android documentation.

The following steps are required to scan for Bluetooth devices without location permission on Android 12 devices:

• In android/variables.gradle, make sure compileSdkVersion and targetSdkVersion are at least 31 (changing those values can have other consequences on your app, so make sure you know what you're doing).
• In android/app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml, update the permissions:

      <!-- Permissions -->
  +   <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" android:maxSdkVersion="30" />
  +   <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" android:maxSdkVersion="30" />
  +   <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_SCAN"
  +     android:usesPermissionFlags="neverForLocation"
  +     tools:targetApi="s" />
  

• Set the androidNeverForLocation flag to true when initializing the BleClient.

  import { BleClient } from '@capacitor-community/bluetooth-le';
  await BleClient.initialize({ androidNeverForLocation: true });
  

Note: If you include neverForLocation in your android:usesPermissionFlags, some BLE beacons are filtered from the scan results.

Configuration

You can configure the strings that are displayed in the device selection dialog on iOS and Android when using requestDevice():

./capacitor.config.json:

{
  "...": "other configuration",
  "plugins": {
    "BluetoothLe": {
      "displayStrings": {
        "scanning": "Am Scannen...",
        "cancel": "Abbrechen",
        "availableDevices": "Verfügbare Geräte",
        "noDeviceFound": "Kein Gerät gefunden"
      }
    }
  }
}

The default values are:

{
  "plugins": {
    "BluetoothLe": {
      "displayStrings": {
        "scanning": "Scanning...",
        "cancel": "Cancel",
        "availableDevices": "Available devices",
        "noDeviceFound": "No device found"
      }
    }
  }
}

The display strings can also be set at run-time using setDisplayStrings(...).

Usage

There is a plugin wrapper class BleClient which makes events and method arguments easier to work with.

// Import the wrapper class
import { BleClient } from '@capacitor-community/bluetooth-le';

Note: It is not recommended to use the BluetoothLe plugin class directly.

Heart rate monitor

Here is an example of how to use the plugin. It shows how to read the heart rate from a BLE heart rate monitor such as the Polar H10.

import { BleClient, numbersToDataView, numberToUUID } from '@capacitor-community/bluetooth-le';

const HEART_RATE_SERVICE = '0000180d-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb';
const HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT_CHARACTERISTIC = '00002a37-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb';
const BODY_SENSOR_LOCATION_CHARACTERISTIC = '00002a38-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb';
const BATTERY_SERVICE = numberToUUID(0x180f);
const BATTERY_CHARACTERISTIC = numberToUUID(0x2a19);
const POLAR_PMD_SERVICE = 'fb005c80-02e7-f387-1cad-8acd2d8df0c8';
const POLAR_PMD_CONTROL_POINT = 'fb005c81-02e7-f387-1cad-8acd2d8df0c8';

export async function main(): Promise<void> {
  try {
    await BleClient.initialize();

    const device = await BleClient.requestDevice({
      services: [HEART_RATE_SERVICE],
      optionalServices: [BATTERY_SERVICE, POLAR_PMD_SERVICE],
    });

    // connect to device, the onDisconnect callback is optional
    await BleClient.connect(device.deviceId, (deviceId) => onDisconnect(deviceId));
    console.log('connected to device', device);

    const result = await BleClient.read(device.deviceId, HEART_RATE_SERVICE, BODY_SENSOR_LOCATION_CHARACTERISTIC);
    console.log('body sensor location', result.getUint8(0));

    const battery = await BleClient.read(device.deviceId, BATTERY_SERVICE, BATTERY_CHARACTERISTIC);
    console.log('battery level', battery.getUint8(0));

    await BleClient.write(device.deviceId, POLAR_PMD_SERVICE, POLAR_PMD_CONTROL_POINT, numbersToDataView([1, 0]));
    console.log('written [1, 0] to control point');

    await BleClient.startNotifications(
      device.deviceId,
      HEART_RATE_SERVICE,
      HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT_CHARACTERISTIC,
      (value) => {
        console.log('current heart rate', parseHeartRate(value));
      }
    );

    // disconnect after 10 sec
    setTimeout(async () => {
      await BleClient.stopNotifications(device.deviceId, HEART_RATE_SERVICE, HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT_CHARACTERISTIC);
      await BleClient.disconnect(device.deviceId);
      console.log('disconnected from device', device);
    }, 10000);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

function onDisconnect(deviceId: string): void {
  console.log(`device ${deviceId} disconnected`);
}

function parseHeartRate(value: DataView): number {
  const flags = value.getUint8(0);
  const rate16Bits = flags & 0x1;
  let heartRate: number;
  if (rate16Bits > 0) {
    heartRate = value.getUint16(1, true);
  } else {
    heartRate = value.getUint8(1);
  }
  return heartRate;
}

Scanning API

Here is an example of using the scanning API.

import { BleClient, numberToUUID } from '@capacitor-community/bluetooth-le';

const HEART_RATE_SERVICE = numberToUUID(0x180d);

export async function scan(): Promise<void> {
  try {
    await BleClient.initialize();

    await BleClient.requestLEScan(
      {
        services: [HEART_RATE_SERVICE],
      },
      (result) => {
        console.log('received new scan result', result);
      }
    );

    setTimeout(async () => {
      await BleClient.stopLEScan();
      console.log('stopped scanning');
    }, 5000);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

Example Applications

• BLE Tester (Ionic/React)
• OpenGoPro (Ionic/Angular)
• Quasar BLE (Quasar/Vue)

Platform Support

Note: web support depends on the browser, see implementation status.

Legend

• ✅ supported
• ❌ not supported (throws an unavailable error)
• 🚩 behind a flag in Chrome (see implementation status)
• -- not supported, but does not throw an error

API

initialize(...)

initialize(options?: InitializeOptions | undefined) => Promise<void>

Initialize Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). If it fails, BLE might be unavailable on this device. On Android it will ask for the location permission. On iOS it will ask for the Bluetooth permission. For an example, see usage.

isEnabled()

isEnabled() => Promise<boolean>

Reports whether Bluetooth is enabled on this device. Always returns true on web.

Returns: <code>Promise<boolean></code>

requestEnable()

requestEnable() => Promise<void>

Request enabling Bluetooth. Show a system activity that allows the user to turn on Bluetooth. See https://developer.android.com/reference/android/bluetooth/BluetoothAdapter#ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE Only available on Android.

enable()

enable() => Promise<void>

Enable Bluetooth. Only available on Android. Deprecated Will fail on Android SDK >= 33. Use requestEnable instead. See https://developer.android.com/reference/android/bluetooth/BluetoothAdapter#enable()

disable()

disable() => Promise<void>

Disable Bluetooth. Only available on Android. Deprecated Will fail on Android SDK >= 33. See https://developer.android.com/reference/android/bluetooth/BluetoothAdapter#disable()

startEnabledNotifications(...)

startEnabledNotifications(callback: (value: boolean) => void) => Promise<void>

Register a callback function that will be invoked when Bluetooth is enabled (true) or disabled (false) on this device. Not available on web (the callback will never be invoked).

stopEnabledNotifications()

stopEnabledNotifications() => Promise<void>

Stop the enabled notifications registered with startEnabledNotifications.

isLocationEnabled()

isLocationEnabled() => Promise<boolean>

Reports whether Location Services are enabled on this device. Only available on Android.

Returns: <code>Promise<boolean></code>

openLocationSettings()

openLocationSettings() => Promise<void>

Open Location settings. Only available on Android.

openBluetoothSettings()

openBluetoothSettings() => Promise<void>

Open Bluetooth settings. Only available on Android.

openAppSettings()

openAppSettings() => Promise<void>

Open App settings. Not available on web. On iOS when a user declines the request to use Bluetooth on the first call of initialize, it is not possible to request for Bluetooth again from within the app. In this case Bluetooth has to be enabled in the app settings for the app to be able use it.

setDisplayStrings(...)

setDisplayStrings(displayStrings: DisplayStrings) => Promise<void>

Set the strings that are displayed in the requestDevice dialog.

requestDevice(...)

requestDevice(options?: RequestBleDeviceOptions | undefined) => Promise<BleDevice>

Request a peripheral BLE device to interact with. This will scan for available devices according to the filters in the options and show a dialog to pick a device. For an example, see usage.

Returns: <code>Promise<<a href="#bledevice">BleDevice</a>></code>

requestLEScan(...)

requestLEScan(options: RequestBleDeviceOptions, callback: (result: ScanResult) => void) => Promise<void>

Start scanning for BLE devices to interact with according to the filters in the options. The callback will be invoked on each device that is found. Scanning will continue until stopLEScan is called. For an example, see usage. Note: Use with care on web platform, the required API is still behind a flag in most browsers.

stopLEScan()

stopLEScan() => Promise<void>

Stop scanning for BLE devices. For an example, see usage.

getDevices(...)

getDevices(deviceIds: string[]) => Promise<BleDevice[]>

On iOS and web, if you want to connect to a previously connected device without scanning first, you can use getDevice. Uses retrievePeripherals on iOS and getDevices on web. On Android, you can directly connect to the device with the deviceId.

Returns: <code>Promise<BleDevice[]></code>

getConnectedDevices(...)

getConnectedDevices(services: string[]) => Promise<BleDevice[]>

Get a list of currently connected devices. Uses retrieveConnectedPeripherals on iOS, getConnectedDevices on Android and getDevices on web.

Returns: <code>Promise<BleDevice[]></code>

connect(...)

connect(deviceId: string, onDisconnect?: ((deviceId: string) => void) | undefined, options?: TimeoutOptions | undefined) => Promise<void>

Connect to a peripheral BLE device. For an example, see usage.

createBond(...)

createBond(deviceId: string, options?: TimeoutOptions | undefined) => Promise<void>

Create a bond with a peripheral BLE device. Only available on Android. On iOS bonding is handled by the OS.

isBonded(...)

isBonded(deviceId: string) => Promise<boolean>

Report whether a peripheral BLE device is bonded. Only available on Android. On iOS bonding is handled by the OS.

Returns: <code>Promise<boolean></code>

disconnect(...)

disconnect(deviceId: string) => Promise<void>

Disconnect from a peripheral BLE device. For an example, see usage.

getServices(...)

getServices(deviceId: string) => Promise<BleService[]>

Get services, characteristics and descriptors of a device.

Returns: <code>Promise<BleService[]></code>

discoverServices(...)

discoverServices(deviceId: string) => Promise<void>

Discover services, characteristics and descriptors of a device. You only need this method if your peripheral device changes its services and characteristics at runtime. If the discovery was successful, the remote services can be retrieved using the getServices function. Not available on web.

getMtu(...)

getMtu(deviceId: string) => Promise<number>

Get the MTU of a connected device. Note that the maximum write value length is 3 bytes less than the MTU. Not available on web.

Returns: <code>Promise<number></code>

requestConnectionPriority(...)

requestConnectionPriority(deviceId: string, connectionPriority: ConnectionPriority) => Promise<void>

Request a connection parameter update. Only available on Android. https://developer.android.com/reference/android/bluetooth/BluetoothGatt#requestConnectionPriority(int)

readRssi(...)

readRssi(deviceId: string) => Promise<number>

Read the RSSI value of a connected device. Not available on web.

Returns: <code>Promise<number></code>

read(...)

read(deviceId: string, service: string, characteristic: string, options?: TimeoutOptions | undefined) => Promise<DataView>

Read the value of a characteristic. For an example, see usage.

Returns: <code>Promise<<a href="#dataview">DataView</a>></code>

write(...)

write(deviceId: string, service: string, characteristic: string, value: DataView, options?: TimeoutOptions | undefined) => Promise<void>

Write a value to a characteristic. For an example, see usage.

writeWithoutResponse(...)

writeWithoutResponse(deviceId: string, service: string, characteristic: string, value: DataView, options?: TimeoutOptions | undefined) => Promise<void>

Write a value to a characteristic without waiting for a response.

readDescriptor(...)

readDescriptor(deviceId: string, service: string, characteristic: string, descriptor: string, options?: TimeoutOptions | undefined) => Promise<DataView>

Read the value of a descriptor.

Returns: <code>Promise<<a href="#dataview">DataView</a>></code>

writeDescriptor(...)

writeDescriptor(deviceId: string, service: string, characteristic: string, descriptor: string, value: DataView, options?: TimeoutOptions | undefined) => Promise<void>

Write a value to a descriptor.

startNotifications(...)

startNotifications(deviceId: string, service: string, characteristic: string, callback: (value: DataView) => void) => Promise<void>

Start listening to changes of the value of a characteristic. Note that you should only start the notifications once per characteristic in your app and share the data and not call startNotifications in every component that needs the data. For an example, see usage.

stopNotifications(...)

stopNotifications(deviceId: string, service: string, characteristic: string) => Promise<void>

Stop listening to the changes of the value of a characteristic. For an example, see usage.

Interfaces

InitializeOptions

DisplayStrings

BleDevice

RequestBleDeviceOptions

ScanResult

DataView

ArrayBuffer

Represents a raw buffer of binary data, which is used to store data for the different typed arrays. ArrayBuffers cannot be read from or written to directly, but can be passed to a typed array or <a href="#dataview">DataView</a> Object to interpret the raw buffer as needed.

TimeoutOptions

BleService

BleCharacteristic

BleCharacteristicProperties

BleDescriptor

Enums

ScanMode

ConnectionPriority

UUID format

All UUIDs have to be provided in 128 bit format as string, e.g. '0000180d-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb'. There is a helper function to convert 16 bit UUID numbers to string:

import { numberToUUID } from '@capacitor-community/bluetooth-le';

const HEART_RATE_SERVICE = numberToUUID(0x180d);
// '0000180d-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb'

Troubleshooting

Connection fails on Android

On some Android devices connect() may fail when the device was connected before, even if the device is not actually connected. In that case you should first call disconnect(), e.g.:

const device = await BleClient.requestDevice({
   // ...
});
// ...
await BleClient.disconnect(device.deviceId);
await BleClient.connect(device.deviceId);

No devices found on Android

On Android, the initialize call requests the location permission. However, if location services are disable on the OS level, the app will not find any devices. You can check if the location is enabled and open the settings when not.

async function initialize() {
  // Check if location is enabled
  if (this.platform.is('android')) {
    const isLocationEnabled = await BleClient.isLocationEnabled();
    if (!isLocationEnabled) {
      await BleClient.openLocationSettings();
    }
  }
  await BleClient.initialize();
}

Contributors ✨

Thanks goes to these wonderful people (emoji key):

This project follows the all-contributors specification. Contributions of any kind welcome!