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GoodJob is a multithreaded, Postgres-based, Active Job backend for Ruby on Rails.

Inspired by Delayed::Job and Que, GoodJob is designed for maximum compatibility with Ruby on Rails, Active Job, and Postgres to be simple and performant for most workloads.

For more of the story of GoodJob, read the introductory blog post.

<details markdown="1"> <summary><strong>đź“Š Comparison of GoodJob with other job queue backends (click to expand)</strong></summary>
Queues, priority, retriesDatabaseConcurrencyReliability/IntegrityLatency
GoodJobâś… Yesâś… Postgresâś… Multithreadedâś… ACID, Advisory Locksâś… Postgres LISTEN/NOTIFY
Solid Queue✅ Yes✅ Postgres and other databases ✨🔶 Multithreaded in forked process✅ ACID, Advisory Locks🔶 Polling
Que✅ Yes🔶️ Postgres, requires structure.sql✅ Multithreaded✅ ACID, Advisory Locks✅ Postgres LISTEN/NOTIFY
Delayed Job✅ Yes✅ Postgres🔴 Single-threaded✅ ACID, record-based🔶 Polling
Sidekiqâś… Yesđź”´ Redisâś… Multithreadedđź”´ Crashes lose jobsâś… Redis BRPOP
Sidekiq Proâś… Yesđź”´ Redisâś… Multithreadedâś… Redis RPOPLPUSHâś… Redis RPOPLPUSH
</details>

Table of contents

Set up

  1. Add good_job to your application's Gemfile and install the gem:

    bundle add good_job

  2. Run the GoodJob install generator. This will generate a database migration to create a table for GoodJob's job records:

    bin/rails g good_job:install

    Run the migration:

    bin/rails db:migrate

    Optional: If using Rails' multiple databases with the migrations_paths configuration option, use the --database option:

    bin/rails g good_job:install --database animals
bin/rails db:migrate:animals

  3. Configure the Active Job adapter:

    # config/application.rb or config/environments/{RAILS_ENV}.rb
config.active_job.queue_adapter = :good_job

  4. Inside of your application, queue your job 🎉:

    YourJob.perform_later

    GoodJob supports all Active Job features:

    YourJob.set(queue: :some_queue, wait: 5.minutes, priority: 10).perform_later

  5. In Rails' development environment, by default, GoodJob's Adapter executes jobs async in a background thread pool in rails server.

    • Because of Rails deferred autoloading, jobs enqueued via the rails console may not begin executing on a separate server process until the Rails application is fully initialized by loading a web page once.
    • Remember, only Active Job's perform_later sends jobs to the queue adapter; Active Job's perform_now executes the job immediately and does not invoke the queue adapter. GoodJob is not involved in perform_now jobs.

  6. In Rails' test environment, by default, GoodJob's Adapter executes jobs inline immediately in the current thread.

    • Future-scheduled jobs can be executed with GoodJob.perform_inline using a tool like Timecop or ActiveSupport::Testing::TimeHelpers.
    • Note that Active Job's TestAdapter, which powers test helpers (e.g. assert_enqueued_with), may override GoodJob's Adapter in some configurations.

  7. In Rails' production environment, by default, GoodJob's Adapter enqueues jobs in external mode to be executed by a separate execution process:

    • By default, GoodJob separates job enqueuing from job execution so that jobs can be scaled independently of the web server. Use the GoodJob command-line tool to execute jobs:

      bundle exec good_job start

      Ideally the command-line tool should be run on a separate machine or container from the web process. For example, on Heroku:

      web: rails server
worker: bundle exec good_job start

      The command-line tool supports a variety of options, see the reference below for command-line configuration.

    • GoodJob can also be configured to execute jobs within the web server process to save on resources. This is useful for low-workloads when economy is paramount.

      GOOD_JOB_EXECUTION_MODE=async rails server

      Additional configuration is likely necessary, see the reference below for configuration.

Compatibility

Configuration

Command-line options

There are several top-level commands available through the good_job command-line tool.

Configuration options are available with help.

good_job start

good_job start executes queued jobs.

$ bundle exec good_job help start

Usage:
  good_job start

Options:
  [--queues=QUEUE_LIST]           # Queues or pools to work from. (env var: GOOD_JOB_QUEUES, default: *)
  [--max-threads=COUNT]           # Default number of threads per pool to use for working jobs. (env var: GOOD_JOB_MAX_THREADS, default: 5)
  [--poll-interval=SECONDS]       # Interval between polls for available jobs in seconds (env var: GOOD_JOB_POLL_INTERVAL, default: 10)
  [--max-cache=COUNT]             # Maximum number of scheduled jobs to cache in memory (env var: GOOD_JOB_MAX_CACHE, default: 10000)
  [--shutdown-timeout=SECONDS]    # Number of seconds to wait for jobs to finish when shutting down before stopping the thread. (env var: GOOD_JOB_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT, default: -1 (forever))
  [--enable-cron]                 # Whether to run cron process (default: false)
  [--enable-listen-notify]        # Whether to enqueue and read jobs with Postgres LISTEN/NOTIFY (default: true)
  [--idle-timeout=SECONDS]        # Exit process when no jobs have been performed for this many seconds (env var: GOOD_JOB_IDLE_TIMEOUT, default: nil)
  [--daemonize]                   # Run as a background daemon (default: false)
  [--pidfile=PIDFILE]             # Path to write daemonized Process ID (env var: GOOD_JOB_PIDFILE, default: tmp/pids/good_job.pid)
  [--probe-port=PORT]             # Port for http health check (env var: GOOD_JOB_PROBE_PORT, default: nil)
  [--probe-handler=PROBE_HANDLER] # Use 'webrick' to use WEBrick to handle probe server requests which is Rack compliant, otherwise default server that is not Rack compliant is used.
  [--queue-select-limit=COUNT]    # The number of queued jobs to select when polling for a job to run. (env var: GOOD_JOB_QUEUE_SELECT_LIMIT, default: nil)"

Executes queued jobs.

All options can be configured with environment variables.
See option descriptions for the matching environment variable name.

== Configuring queues

Separate multiple queues with commas; exclude queues with a leading minus;
separate isolated execution pools with semicolons and threads with colons.

good_job cleanup_preserved_jobs

good_job cleanup_preserved_jobs destroys preserved job records. See GoodJob.preserve_job_records for when this command is useful.

$ bundle exec good_job help cleanup_preserved_jobs

Usage:
  good_job cleanup_preserved_jobs

Options:
  [--before-seconds-ago=SECONDS] # Destroy records finished more than this many seconds ago (env var:  GOOD_JOB_CLEANUP_PRESERVED_JOBS_BEFORE_SECONDS_AGO, default: 1209600 (14 days))

Manually destroys preserved job records.

By default, GoodJob automatically destroys job records when the job is performed
and this command is not required to be used.

Configuration options

Active Job configuration depends on where the code is placed:

GoodJob configuration can be placed within Rails config directory for all environments (config/application.rb), within a particular environment (e.g. config/environments/development.rb), or within an initializer (e.g. config/initializers/good_job.rb).

Configuration examples:

# config/initializers/good_job.rb OR config/application.rb OR config/environments/{RAILS_ENV}.rb

Rails.application.configure do
  # Configure options individually...
  config.good_job.preserve_job_records = true
  config.good_job.retry_on_unhandled_error = false
  config.good_job.on_thread_error = -> (exception) { Rails.error.report(exception) }
  config.good_job.execution_mode = :async
  config.good_job.queues = '*'
  config.good_job.max_threads = 5
  config.good_job.poll_interval = 30 # seconds
  config.good_job.shutdown_timeout = 25 # seconds
  config.good_job.enable_cron = true
  config.good_job.cron = { example: { cron: '0 * * * *', class: 'ExampleJob'  } }
  config.good_job.cron_graceful_restart_period = 5.minutes
  config.good_job.dashboard_default_locale = :en

  # ...or all at once.
  config.good_job = {
    preserve_job_records: true,
    retry_on_unhandled_error: false,
    on_thread_error: -> (exception) { Rails.error.report(exception) },
    execution_mode: :async,
    queues: '*',
    max_threads: 5,
    poll_interval: 30,
    shutdown_timeout: 25,
    enable_cron: true,
    cron: {
      example: {
        cron: '0 * * * *',
        class: 'ExampleJob'
      },
    },
    dashboard_default_locale: :en,
  }
end

Available configuration options are:

By default, GoodJob configures the following execution modes per environment:


# config/environments/development.rb
config.active_job.queue_adapter = :good_job
config.good_job.execution_mode = :async

# config/environments/test.rb
config.active_job.queue_adapter = :good_job
config.good_job.execution_mode = :inline

# config/environments/production.rb
config.active_job.queue_adapter = :good_job
config.good_job.execution_mode = :external

Global options

Good Job’s general behavior can also be configured via attributes directly on the GoodJob module:

You’ll generally want to configure these in config/initializers/good_job.rb, like so:

# config/initializers/good_job.rb
GoodJob.active_record_parent_class = "ApplicationRecord"

The following options are also configurable via accessors, but you are encouraged to use the configuration attributes instead because these may be deprecated and removed in the future:

Dashboard

Dashboard UI

🚧 GoodJob's dashboard is a work in progress. Please contribute ideas and code on Github.

GoodJob includes a Dashboard as a mountable Rails::Engine.

  1. Mount the engine in your config/routes.rb file. The following will mount it at http://example.com/good_job.

    # config/routes.rb
# ...
mount GoodJob::Engine => 'good_job'

  2. Configure authentication. Because jobs can potentially contain sensitive information, you should authorize access. For example, using Devise's authenticate helper, that might look like:

    # config/routes.rb
# ...
authenticate :user, ->(user) { user.admin? } do
  mount GoodJob::Engine => 'good_job'
end

    Another option is using basic auth like this:

    # config/initializers/good_job.rb
GoodJob::Engine.middleware.use(Rack::Auth::Basic) do |username, password|
  ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(Rails.application.credentials.good_job_username, username) &
    ActiveSupport::SecurityUtils.secure_compare(Rails.application.credentials.good_job_password, password)
end

    To support custom authentication, you can extend GoodJob's ApplicationController using the following hook:

    # config/initializers/good_job.rb

ActiveSupport.on_load(:good_job_application_controller) do
  # context here is GoodJob::ApplicationController

  before_action do
    raise ActionController::RoutingError.new('Not Found') unless current_user&.admin?
  end

  def current_user
    # load current user
  end
end

To view finished jobs (succeeded and discarded) on the Dashboard, GoodJob must be configured to preserve job records. Preservation is enabled by default.

Troubleshooting the Dashboard: Some applications are unable to autoload the Goodjob Engine. To work around this, explicitly require the Engine at the top of your config/application.rb file, immediately after Rails is required and before Bundler requires the Rails' groups.

# config/application.rb
require_relative 'boot'
require 'rails/all'
require 'good_job/engine' # <= Add this line
# ...

API-only Rails applications

API-only Rails applications may not have all of the required Rack middleware for the GoodJob Dashboard to function. To re-add the middleware:

# config/application.rb
module MyApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    #...
    config.middleware.use Rack::MethodOverride
    config.middleware.use ActionDispatch::Flash
    config.middleware.use ActionDispatch::Cookies
    config.middleware.use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
  end
end

Live polling

The Dashboard can be set to automatically refresh by checking "Live Poll" in the Dashboard header, or by setting ?poll=10 with the interval in seconds (default 30 seconds).

Extending dashboard views

GoodJob exposes some views that are intended to be overriden by placing views in your application:

Warning: these partials expose classes (such as GoodJob::Job) that are considered internal implementation details of GoodJob. You should always test your custom partials after upgrading GoodJob.

For example, if your app deals with widgets and you want to show a link to the widget a job acted on, you can add the following to app/views/good_job/_custom_job_details.html.erb:

<%# file: app/views/good_job/_custom_job_details.html.erb %>
<% arguments = job.active_job.arguments rescue [] %>
<% widgets = arguments.select { |arg| arg.is_a?(Widget) } %>
<% if widgets.any? %>
  <div class="my-4">
    <h5>Widgets</h5>
    <ul>
      <% widgets.each do |widget| %>
        <li><%= link_to widget.name, main_app.widget_url(widget) %></li>
      <% end %>
    </ul>
  </div>
<% end %>

As a second example, you may wish to show a link to a log aggregator next to each job execution. You can do this by adding the following to app/views/good_job/_custom_execution_details.html.erb:

<%# file: app/views/good_job/_custom_execution_details.html.erb %>
<div class="py-3">
  <%= link_to "Logs", main_app.logs_url(filter: { job_id: job.id }, start_time: execution.performed_at, end_time: execution.finished_at + 1.minute) %>
</div>

Job priority

Smaller priority values have higher priority and run first (default: 0), in accordance with Active Job's definition of priority.

Prior to GoodJob v4, this was reversed: higher priority numbers ran first in all versions of GoodJob v3.x and below. When migrating from v3 to v4, new behavior can be opted into by setting config.good_job.smaller_number_is_higher_priority = true in your GoodJob initializer or application.rb.

Labelled jobs

Labels are the recommended way to add context or metadata to specific jobs. For example, all jobs that have a dependency on an email service could be labeled email. Using labels requires adding the Active Job extension GoodJob::ActiveJobExtensions::Labels to your job class.

class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
  include GoodJob::ActiveJobExtensions::Labels
end

# Add a default label to every job within the class
class WelcomeJob < ApplicationJob
  self.good_job_labels = ["email"]

  def perform
    # Labels can be inspected from within the job
    puts good_job_labels # => ["email"]
  end
end

# Or add to individual jobs when enqueued
WelcomeJob.set(good_job_labels: ["email"]).perform_later

Labels can be used to search jobs in the Dashboard. For example, to find all jobs labeled email, search for email.

Concurrency controls

GoodJob can extend Active Job to provide limits on concurrently running jobs, either at time of enqueue or at perform. Limiting concurrency can help prevent duplicate, double or unnecessary jobs from being enqueued, or race conditions when performing, for example when interacting with 3rd-party APIs.

class MyJob < ApplicationJob
  include GoodJob::ActiveJobExtensions::Concurrency

  good_job_control_concurrency_with(
    # Maximum number of unfinished jobs to allow with the concurrency key
    # Can be an Integer or Lambda/Proc that is invoked in the context of the job
    total_limit: 1,

    # Or, if more control is needed:
    # Maximum number of jobs with the concurrency key to be
    # concurrently enqueued (excludes performing jobs)
    # Can be an Integer or Lambda/Proc that is invoked in the context of the job
    enqueue_limit: 2,

    # Maximum number of jobs with the concurrency key to be
    # concurrently performed (excludes enqueued jobs)
    # Can be an Integer or Lambda/Proc that is invoked in the context of the job
    perform_limit: 1,

    # Maximum number of jobs with the concurrency key to be enqueued within
    # the time period, looking backwards from the current time. Must be an array
    # with two elements: the number of jobs and the time period.
    enqueue_throttle: [10, 1.minute],

    # Maximum number of jobs with the concurrency key to be performed within
    # the time period, looking backwards from the current time. Must be an array
    # with two elements: the number of jobs and the time period.
    perform_throttle: [100, 1.hour],

    # Note: Under heavy load, the total number of jobs may exceed the
    # sum of `enqueue_limit` and `perform_limit` because of race conditions
    # caused by imperfectly disjunctive states. If you need to constrain
    # the total number of jobs, use `total_limit` instead. See #378.

    # A unique key to be globally locked against.
    # Can be String or Lambda/Proc that is invoked in the context of the job.
    #
    # If a key is not provided GoodJob will use the job class name.
    #
    # To disable concurrency control, for example in a subclass, set the
    # key explicitly to nil (e.g. `key: nil` or `key: -> { nil }`)
    #
    # If you provide a custom concurrency key (for example, if concurrency is supposed
    # to be controlled by the first job argument) make sure that it is sufficiently unique across
    # jobs and queues by adding the job class or queue to the key yourself, if needed.
    #
    # Note: When using a model instance as part of your custom concurrency key, make sure
    # to explicitly use its `id` or `to_global_id` because otherwise it will not stringify as expected.
    #
    # Note: Arguments passed to #perform_later can be accessed through Active Job's `arguments` method
    # which is an array containing positional arguments and, optionally, a kwarg hash.
    key: -> { "#{self.class.name}-#{queue_name}-#{arguments.first}-#{arguments.last[:version]}" } #  MyJob.perform_later("Alice", version: 'v2') => "MyJob-default-Alice-v2"
  )

  def perform(first_name, version:)
    # do work
  end
end

When testing, the resulting concurrency key value can be inspected:

job = MyJob.perform_later("Alice", version: 'v1')
job.good_job_concurrency_key #=> "MyJob-default-Alice-v1"

How concurrency controls work

GoodJob's concurrency control strategy for perform_limit is "optimistic retry with an incremental backoff". The code is readable.

Cron-style repeating/recurring jobs

GoodJob can enqueue Active Job jobs on a recurring basis that can be used as a replacement for cron.

Cron-style jobs can be enequeued by any GoodJob process (e.g., CLI or :async execution mode) that has config.good_job.enable_cron set to true. Enabling cron on multiple processes will not enqueue duplicate jobs; GoodJob's cron uses unique indexes to ensure that only a single job is enqueued for a given time interval. In order for this to work, GoodJob must preserve cron-created job records; these records will be automatically deleted like any other preserved record.

Cron-format is parsed by the fugit gem, which has support for seconds-level resolution (e.g. * * * * * *) and natural language parsing (e.g. every second).

If you use the Dashboard the scheduled tasks can be viewed in the 'cron' menu. In this view you can also disable a task or run/enqueue a task immediately.

# config/environments/application.rb or a specific environment e.g. production.rb

# Enable cron enqueuing in this process
config.good_job.enable_cron = true

# Without zero-downtime deploys, re-attempt previous schedules after a deploy
config.good_job.cron_graceful_restart_period = 1.minute

# Configure cron with a hash that has a unique key for each recurring job
config.good_job.cron = {
  # Every 15 minutes, enqueue `ExampleJob.set(priority: -10).perform_later(42, "life", name: "Alice")`
  frequent_task: { # each recurring job must have a unique key
    cron: "*/15 * * * *", # cron-style scheduling format by fugit gem
    class: "ExampleJob", # name of the job class as a String; must reference an Active Job job class
    args: [42, "life"], # positional arguments to pass to the job; can also be a proc e.g. `-> { [Time.now] }`
    kwargs: { name: "Alice" }, # keyword arguments to pass to the job; can also be a proc e.g. `-> { { name: NAMES.sample } }`
    set: { priority: -10 }, # additional Active Job properties; can also be a lambda/proc e.g. `-> { { priority: [1,2].sample } }`
    description: "Something helpful", # optional description that appears in Dashboard
  },
  production_task: {
    cron: "0 0,12 * * *",
    class: "ProductionJob",
    enabled_by_default: -> { Rails.env.production? } # Only enable in production, otherwise can be enabled manually through Dashboard
  },
  complex_schedule: {
    class: "ComplexScheduleJob",
    cron: -> (last_ran) { (last_ran.blank? ? Time.now : last_ran + 14.hours).at_beginning_of_minute }
  }
  # etc.
}

Bulk enqueue

GoodJob's Bulk-enqueue functionality can buffer and enqueue multiple jobs at once, using a single INSERT statement. This can more performant when enqueuing a large number of jobs.

# Capture jobs using `.perform_later`:
active_jobs = GoodJob::Bulk.enqueue do
  MyJob.perform_later
  AnotherJob.perform_later
  # If an exception is raised within this block, no jobs will be inserted.
end

# All Active Job instances are returned from GoodJob::Bulk.enqueue.
# Jobs that have been successfully enqueued have a `provider_job_id` set.
active_jobs.all?(&:provider_job_id)

# Bulk enqueue Active Job instances directly without using `.perform_later`:
GoodJob::Bulk.enqueue([MyJob.new, AnotherJob.new])

Batches

Batches track a set of jobs, and enqueue an optional callback job when all of the jobs have finished (succeeded or discarded).

batch = GoodJob::Batch.new
batch.description = "My batch"
batch.on_finish = "MyBatchCallbackJob" # Callback job when all jobs have finished
batch.on_success = "MyBatchCallbackJob" # Callback job when/if all jobs have succeeded
batch.on_discard = "MyBatchCallbackJob" # Callback job when the first job in the batch is discarded
batch.callback_queue_name = "special_queue" # Optional queue for callback jobs, otherwise will defer to job class
batch.callback_priority = 10 # Optional priority name for callback jobs, otherwise will defer to job class
batch.properties = { age: 42 } # Custom data and state to attach to the batch
batch.add do
  MyJob.perform_later
end
batch.enqueue

batch.discarded? # => Boolean
batch.discarded_at # => <DateTime>
batch.finished? # => Boolean
batch.finished_at # => <DateTime>
batch.succeeded? # => Boolean
batch.active_jobs # => Array of ActiveJob::Base-inherited jobs that are part of the batch

batch = GoodJob::Batch.find(batch.id)
batch.description = "Updated batch description"
batch.save
batch.reload

Batch callback jobs

Batch callbacks are Active Job jobs that are enqueued at certain events during the execution of jobs within the batch:

Callback jobs must accept a batch and context argument in their perform method:

class MyBatchCallbackJob < ApplicationJob
  def perform(batch, context)
    # The batch object will contain the Batch's properties
    batch.properties[:user] # => <User id: 1, ...>
    # Batches are mutable
    batch.properties[:user] = User.find(2)
    batch.save

    # Context is a hash containing additional context (more may be added in the future)
    context[:event] # => :finish, :success, :discard
  end
end

Complex batches

Consider a multi-stage batch with both parallel and serial job steps:

graph TD
    0{"BatchJob\n{ stage: nil }"}
    0 --> a["WorkJob]\n{ step: a }"]
    0 --> b["WorkJob]\n{ step: b }"]
    0 --> c["WorkJob]\n{ step: c }"]
    a --> 1
    b --> 1
    c --> 1
    1{"BatchJob\n{ stage: 1 }"}
    1 --> d["WorkJob]\n{ step: d }"]
    1 --> e["WorkJob]\n{ step: e }"]
    e --> f["WorkJob]\n{ step: f }"]
    d --> 2
    f --> 2
    2{"BatchJob\n{ stage: 2 }"}

This can be implemented with a single, mutable batch job:

class WorkJob < ApplicationJob
  include GoodJob::ActiveJobExtensions::Batches

  def perform(step)
    # ...
    if step == 'e'
      batch.add { WorkJob.perform_later('f') }
    end
  end
end

class BatchJob < ApplicationJob
  def perform(batch, context)
    if batch.properties[:stage].nil?
      batch.enqueue(stage: 1) do
        WorkJob.perform_later('a')
        WorkJob.perform_later('b')
        WorkJob.perform_later('c')
      end
    elsif batch.properties[:stage] == 1
      batch.enqueue(stage: 2) do
        WorkJob.perform_later('d')
        WorkJob.perform_later('e')
      end
    elsif batch.properties[:stage] == 2
      # ...
    end
  end
end

GoodJob::Batch.enqueue(on_finish: BatchJob)

Other batch details

Updating

GoodJob follows semantic versioning, though updates may be encouraged through deprecation warnings in minor versions.

Upgrading minor versions

Upgrading between minor versions (e.g. v1.4 to v1.5) should not introduce breaking changes, but can introduce new deprecation warnings and database migration warnings.

Database migrations introduced in minor releases are not required to be applied until the next major release. If you would like to apply newly introduced migrations immediately, assert GoodJob.migrated? in your application's test suite.

To perform upgrades to the GoodJob database tables:

  1. Generate new database migration files:

    bin/rails g good_job:update

    Optional: If using Rails' multiple databases with the migrations_paths configuration option, use the --database option:

    bin/rails g good_job:update --database animals

  2. Run the database migration locally

    bin/rails db:migrate

  3. Commit the migration files and resulting db/schema.rb changes.

  4. Deploy the code, run the migrations against the production database, and restart server/worker processes.

Upgrading v3 to v4

GoodJob v4 changes how job and job execution records are stored in the database; moving from job and executions being commingled in the good_jobs table to separately and discretely storing job executions in good_job_executions. To safely upgrade, all unfinished jobs must use the new format. This change was introduced in GoodJob v3.15.4 (April 2023), so your application is likely ready-to-upgrade in this respect if you have kept up with GoodJob updates and applied migrations (bin/rails g good_job:update). Please be sure to doublecheck you are not missing subsequent migrations or deprecations too by following the instructions below.

To upgrade:

  1. Upgrade to v3.99.x, following the minor version upgrade process, running any remaining database migrations (rails g good_job:update) and addressing deprecation warnings.

  2. Check if your application is safe to upgrade to the new job record format by running either:

    • In a production console, run GoodJob.v4_ready? which should return true when safely upgradable.
    • Or, when connected to the production database verify that SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "good_jobs" WHERE finished_at IS NULL AND is_discrete IS NOT TRUE returns 0

    If not all unfinished jobs are stored in the new format, either wait to upgrade until those jobs finish or discard them. Not waiting could prevent those jobs from successfully running when upgrading to v4.

  3. Upgrade from v3.99.x to v4.x.

Notable changes:

Upgrading v2 to v3

GoodJob v3 is operationally identical to v2; upgrading to GoodJob v3 should be simple. If you are already using >= v2.9+ no other changes are necessary.

  1. Upgrade to v2.99.x, following the minor version upgrade process, running any remaining database migrations (rails g good_job:update) and addressing deprecation warnings.
  2. Upgrade from v2.99.x to v3.x

Notable changes:

Upgrading v1 to v2

GoodJob v2 introduces a new Advisory Lock key format that is operationally different than the v1 advisory lock key format; it's therefore necessary to perform a simple, but staged production upgrade. If you are already using >= v1.12+ no other changes are necessary.

  1. Upgrade your production environment to v1.99.x following the minor version upgrade process, including database migrations. v1.99 is a transitional release that is safely compatible with both v1.x and v2.0.0 because it uses both v1- and v2-formatted advisory locks.
  2. Address any deprecation warnings generated by v1.99.
  3. Upgrade your production environment from v1.99.x to v2.0.x again following the minor upgrade process.

Notable changes:

Go deeper

Exceptions, retries, and reliability

GoodJob guarantees that a completely-performed job will run once and only once. GoodJob fully supports Active Job's built-in functionality for error handling, retries and timeouts.

Exceptions

Active Job provides tools for rescuing and retrying exceptions, including retry_on, discard_on, rescue_from that will rescue exceptions before they get to GoodJob.

If errors do reach GoodJob, you can assign a callable to GoodJob.on_thread_error to be notified. For example, to log errors to an exception monitoring service like Sentry (or Bugsnag, Airbrake, Honeybadger, etc.):

# config/initializers/good_job.rb
GoodJob.on_thread_error = -> (exception) { Rails.error.report(exception) }

Retries

By default, GoodJob relies on Active Job's retry functionality.

Active Job can be configured to retry an infinite number of times, with a polynomial backoff. Using Active Job's retry_on prevents exceptions from reaching GoodJob:

class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
  retry_on StandardError, wait: :polynomially_longer, attempts: Float::INFINITY
  # ...
end

When using retry_on with a limited number of retries, the final exception will not be rescued and will raise to GoodJob's error handler. To avoid this, pass a block to retry_on to handle the final exception instead of raising it to GoodJob:

class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
  retry_on StandardError, attempts: 5 do |_job, _exception|
    # Log error, do nothing, etc.
  end
  # ...
end

When using retry_on with an infinite number of retries, exceptions will never be raised to GoodJob, which means GoodJob.on_thread_error will never be called. To report log or report exceptions to an exception monitoring service (e.g. Sentry, Bugsnag, Airbrake, Honeybadger, etc), create an explicit exception wrapper. For example:

class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
  retry_on StandardError, wait: :polynomially_longer, attempts: Float::INFINITY

  retry_on SpecialError, attempts: 5 do |_job, exception|
    Rails.error.report(exception)
  end

  around_perform do |_job, block|
    block.call
  rescue StandardError => e
    Rails.error.report(e)
    raise
  end
  # ...
end

By default, jobs will not be retried unless retry_on is configured. This can be overridden by setting GoodJob.retry_on_unhandled_error to true; GoodJob will then retry the failing job immediately and infinitely, potentially causing high load.

Action Mailer retries

Any configuration in ApplicationJob will have to be duplicated on ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob because ActionMailer uses that custom class which inherits from ActiveJob::Base, rather than your application's ApplicationJob.

You can use an initializer to configure ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob, for example:

# config/initializers/good_job.rb
ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob.retry_on StandardError, wait: :polynomially_longer, attempts: Float::INFINITY

# With Sentry (or Bugsnag, Airbrake, Honeybadger, etc.)
ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob.around_perform do |_job, block|
  block.call
rescue StandardError => e
  Rails.error.report(e)
  raise
end

Note, that ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob is a default since Rails 6.0. Be sure that your app is using that class, as it might also be configured to use (deprecated now) ActionMailer::DeliveryJob.

Interrupts, graceful shutdown, and SIGKILL

When GoodJob receives an interrupt (SIGINT, SIGTERM) or explicitly with GoodJob.shutdown, GoodJob will attempt to gracefully shut down, waiting for all jobs to finish before exiting based on the shutdown_timeout configuration.

To detect the start of a graceful shutdown from within a performing job, for example while looping/iterating over multiple items, you can call GoodJob.current_thread_shutting_down? or GoodJob.current_thread_running? from within the job. For example:

def perform(lots_of_records)
  lots_of_records.each do |record|
    break if GoodJob.current_thread_shutting_down? # or `unless GoodJob.current_thread.running?`
    # process record ...
  end
end

Note that when running jobs in :inline execution mode, GoodJob.current_thread_running? will always be truthy and GoodJob.current_thread_shutting_down? will always be falsey.

Jobs will be automatically retried if the process is interrupted while performing a job and the job is unable to finish before the timeout or as the result of a SIGKILL or power failure.

If you need more control over interrupt-caused retries, include the GoodJob::ActiveJobExtensions::InterruptErrors extension in your job class. When an interrupted job is retried, the extension will raise a GoodJob::InterruptError exception within the job, which allows you to use Active Job's retry_on and discard_on to control the behavior of the job.

class MyJob < ApplicationJob
  # The extension must be included before other extensions
  include GoodJob::ActiveJobExtensions::InterruptErrors
  # Discard the job if it is interrupted
  discard_on GoodJob::InterruptError
  # Retry the job if it is interrupted
  retry_on GoodJob::InterruptError, wait: 0, attempts: Float::INFINITY
end

Timeouts

Job timeouts can be configured with an around_perform:

class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
  JobTimeoutError = Class.new(StandardError)

  around_perform do |_job, block|
    # Timeout jobs after 10 minutes
    Timeout.timeout(10.minutes, JobTimeoutError) do
      block.call
    end
  end
end

Optimize queues, threads, and processes

By default, GoodJob creates a single thread execution pool that will execute jobs from any queue. Depending on your application's workload, job types, and service level objectives, you may wish to optimize execution resources. For example, providing dedicated execution resources for transactional emails so they are not delayed by long-running batch jobs. Some options:

Keep in mind, queue operations and management is an advanced discipline. This stuff is complex, especially for heavy workloads and unique processing requirements. Good job đź‘Ť

Database connections

GoodJob job executor processes require the following database connections:

The executor process will not crash if the connections pool is exhausted, instead it will report an exception (eg. ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError).

When GoodJob runs in :inline mode (in Rails' test environment, by default), the default database pool configuration works.

# config/database.yml

pool: <%= ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS") { 5 } %>

When GoodJob runs in :async mode (in Rails's development environment, by default), the following database pool configuration works, where:

# config/database.yml

pool: <%= ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS", 5).to_i + 1 + 2 + ENV.fetch("GOOD_JOB_MAX_THREADS", 5).to_i %>

When GoodJob runs in :external mode (in Rails' production environment, by default), the following database pool configurations work for web servers and worker processes, respectively.

# config/database.yml

pool: <%= ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS", 5) %>

# config/database.yml

pool: <%= 1 + 2 + ENV.fetch("GOOD_JOB_MAX_THREADS", 5).to_i %>

Production setup

When running GoodJob in a production environment, you should be mindful of:

The recommended way to monitor the queue in production is:

Queue performance with Queue Select Limit

GoodJob’s advisory locking strategy uses a materialized CTE (Common Table Expression). This strategy can be non-performant when querying a very large queue of executable jobs (100,000+) because the database query must materialize all executable jobs before acquiring an advisory lock.

GoodJob offers an optional optimization to limit the number of jobs that are queried: Queue Select Limit.

# CLI option
--queue-select-limit=1000

# Rails configuration
config.good_job.queue_select_limit = 1000

# Environment Variable
GOOD_JOB_QUEUE_SELECT_LIMIT=1000

The Queue Select Limit value should be set to a rough upper-bound that exceeds all GoodJob execution threads / database connections. 1000 is a number that likely exceeds the available database connections on most PaaS offerings, but still offers a performance boost for GoodJob when executing very large queues.

To explain where this value is used, here is the pseudo-query that GoodJob uses to find executable jobs:

  SELECT *
  FROM good_jobs
  WHERE id IN (
    WITH rows AS MATERIALIZED (
      SELECT id, active_job_id
      FROM good_jobs
      WHERE (scheduled_at <= NOW() OR scheduled_at IS NULL) AND finished_at IS NULL
      ORDER BY priority DESC NULLS LAST, created_at ASC
      [LIMIT 1000] -- <= introduced when queue_select_limit is set
    )
    SELECT id
    FROM rows
    WHERE pg_try_advisory_lock(('x' || substr(md5('good_jobs' || '-' || active_job_id::text), 1, 16))::bit(64)::bigint)
    LIMIT 1
  )

Execute jobs async / in-process

GoodJob can execute jobs "async" in the same process as the web server (e.g. bin/rails s). GoodJob's async execution mode offers benefits of economy by not requiring a separate job worker process, but with the tradeoff of increased complexity. Async mode can be configured in two ways:

Depending on your application configuration, you may need to take additional steps:

Migrate to GoodJob from a different Active Job backend

If your application is already using an Active Job backend, you will need to install GoodJob to enqueue and perform newly created jobs and finish performing pre-existing jobs on the previous backend.

  1. Enqueue newly created jobs on GoodJob either entirely by setting ActiveJob::Base.queue_adapter = :good_job or progressively via individual job classes:

    # jobs/specific_job.rb
class SpecificJob < ApplicationJob
  self.queue_adapter = :good_job
  # ...
end

  2. Continue running executors for both backends. For example, on Heroku it's possible to run two processes within the same dyno:

     # Procfile
 # ...
 worker: bundle exec que ./config/environment.rb & bundle exec good_job & wait -n

  3. Once you are confident that no unperformed jobs remain in the previous Active Job backend, code and configuration for that backend can be completely removed.

Monitor and preserve worked jobs

GoodJob is fully instrumented with ActiveSupport::Notifications.

By default, GoodJob will preserve job records for 14 days after they are run, regardless of whether they succeed or raised an exception.

To instead delete job records immediately after they are finished:

# config/initializers/good_job.rb
config.good_job.preserve_job_records = false # defaults to true; can also be `false` or `:on_unhandled_error`

GoodJob will automatically delete preserved job records after 14 days. The retention period, as well as the frequency GoodJob checks for deletable records can be configured:

config.good_job.cleanup_preserved_jobs_before_seconds_ago = 14.days
config.good_job.cleanup_interval_jobs = 1_000 # Number of executed jobs between deletion sweeps.
config.good_job.cleanup_interval_seconds = 10.minutes # Number of seconds between deletion sweeps.

It is also possible to manually trigger a cleanup of preserved job records:

Write tests

By default, GoodJob uses its inline adapter in the test environment; the inline adapter is designed for the test environment. When enqueuing a job with GoodJob's inline adapter, the job will be executed immediately on the current thread; unhandled exceptions will be raised.

In GoodJob 2.0, the inline adapter will execute future scheduled jobs immediately. In the next major release, GoodJob 3.0, the inline adapter will not execute future scheduled jobs and instead enqueue them in the database.

To opt into this behavior immediately set: config.good_job.inline_execution_respects_schedule = true

To perform jobs inline at any time, use GoodJob.perform_inline. For example, using time helpers within an integration test:

MyJob.set(wait: 10.minutes).perform_later
travel_to(15.minutes.from_now) { GoodJob.perform_inline }

Note: Rails travel/travel_to time helpers do not have millisecond precision, so you must leave at least 1 second between the schedule and time traveling for the job to be executed. This behavior may change in Rails 7.1.

PgBouncer compatibility

GoodJob is not compatible with PgBouncer in transaction mode, but is compatible with PgBouncer's connection mode. GoodJob uses connection-based advisory locks and LISTEN/NOTIFY, both of which require full database connections.

If you want to use PgBouncer with the rest of your Rails app you can workaround this limitation by making a direct database connection available to GoodJob. With Rails 6.0's support for multiple databases, a direct connection to the database can be configured by following the three steps below.

  1. Define a direct connection to your database that is not proxied through PgBouncer, for example:

    # config/database.yml

production:
  primary:
    url: postgres://pgbouncer_host/my_database
  primary_direct:
    url: postgres://database_host/my_database

  2. Create a new Active Record base class that uses the direct database connection

    # app/models/application_direct_record.rb

class ApplicationDirectRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.abstract_class = true
  connects_to database: :primary_direct
end

  3. Configure GoodJob to use the newly created Active Record base class:

    # config/initializers/good_job.rb

GoodJob.active_record_parent_class = "ApplicationDirectRecord"

CLI HTTP health check probes

Default configuration

GoodJob's CLI offers an http health check probe to better manage process lifecycle in containerized environments like Kubernetes:

# Run the CLI with a health check on port 7001
good_job start --probe-port=7001

# or via an environment variable
GOOD_JOB_PROBE_PORT=7001 good_job start

# Probe the status
curl localhost:7001/status
curl localhost:7001/status/started
curl localhost:7001/status/connected

Multiple health checks are available at different paths:

This can be configured, for example with Kubernetes:

spec:
  containers:
    - name: good_job
      image: my_app:latest
      env:
        - name: RAILS_ENV
          value: production
        - name: GOOD_JOB_PROBE_PORT
          value: 7001
      command:
          - good_job
          - start
      ports:
        - name: probe-port
          containerPort: 7001
      startupProbe:
        httpGet:
          path: "/status/started"
          port: probe-port
        failureThreshold: 30
        periodSeconds: 10
      livenessProbe:
        httpGet:
          path: "/status/connected"
          port: probe-port
        failureThreshold: 1
        periodSeconds: 10

Custom configuration

The CLI health check probe server can be customized to serve additional information. Two things to note when customizing the probe server:

To customize the probe server, set config.good_job.probe_app to a Rack app or a Rack builder:

# config/initializers/good_job.rb OR config/application.rb OR config/environments/{RAILS_ENV}.rb

Rails.application.configure do
  config.good_job.probe_app = Rack::Builder.new do
    # Add your custom middleware
    use Custom::AuthorizationMiddleware
    use Custom::PrometheusExporter

    # This is the default middleware
    use GoodJob::ProbeServer::HealthcheckMiddleware
    run GoodJob::ProbeServer::NotFoundApp # will return 404 for all other requests
  end
end
Using WEBrick

If your custom app requires a fully Rack compliant server, you can configure GoodJob to use WEBrick as the server:

# config/initializers/good_job.rb OR config/application.rb OR config/environments/{RAILS_ENV}.rb

Rails.application.configure do
  config.good_job.probe_handler = :webrick
end

You can also enable WEBrick through the command line:

good_job start --probe-handler=webrick

or via an environment variable:

GOOD_JOB_PROBE_HANDLER=webrick good_job start

Note that GoodJob doesn't include WEBrick as a dependency, so you'll need to add it to your Gemfile:

# Gemfile
gem 'webrick'

If WEBrick is configured to be used, but the dependency is not found, GoodJob will log a warning and fallback to the default probe server.

Doing your best job with GoodJob

This section explains how to use GoodJob the most efficiently and performantly, according to its maintainers. GoodJob is very flexible and you don’t necessarily have to use it this way, but the concepts explained here are part of GoodJob’s design intent.

Background jobs are hard. There are two extremes:

This section will largely focused on optimizing within the latter small-budget scenario, but the concepts and explanation should help you optimize the big-budget scenario too.

Let’s start with anti-patterns, and then the rest of this section will explain an alternative:

The following will explain methods to create homogenous workloads (based on latency) and increase execution capacity when queuing latency causes the jobs to exceed their total latency target.

Sizing jobs: mice and elephants

Queuing theory will refer to fast/small/low-latency tasks as Mice (e.g. a password reset email, an MFA token via SMS) and slow/big/high-latency tasks as Elephants (e.g. sending an email newsletter to 10k recipients, a batched update that touches every record in the database).

Explicitly group your jobs by their latency: how quickly you expect them to finish to achieve your expected quality of service. This should be their total latency (or duration) which is the sum of: queuing latency which is how long the job waits in queue until execution capacity becomes available (which ideally should be zero, because you have idle capacity and can start executing a job immediately as soon as it is enqueued or upon its scheduled time) and execution latency which is how long the job’s execution takes (e.g. the email being sent). Example: I expect this Password Reset Email Job to have a total latency of 30 seconds or less.

In a working application, you likely will have more gradations than just small and big or slow and fast (analogously: badgers, wildebeests; maybe even tardigrades or blue whales for tiny and huge, respectively), but there will regardless be a relatively small and countable number of discrete latency buckets to organize your jobs into.

Isolating by total latency

The most efficient workloads are homogenous (similar) workloads. If you know every job to be executed will take about the same amount of time, you can estimate the maximum delay for a new job at the back of the queue and have that drive decisions about capacity. Alternatively, if those jobs are heterogenous (mixed) it’s possible that a very slow/long-duration job could hold everything back for much longer than anticipated and it’s sorta random. That’s bad!

A fun visual image here for a single-file queue is a doorway: If you only have 1 doorway, it must be big enough to fit an elephant. But if an elephant is going through the door (and it will go through slowly!) no mice can fit through the door until the elephant is fully clear. Your mice will be delayed!

Priority will not help when an elephant is in the doorway. Yes, you could say mice have a higher priority than elephants and always allow any mouse to go before any elephant in queue will start. But once an elephant has started going through the door, any subsequent mouse who arrives must wait for the elephant to egress regardless of their priority. In Active Job and Ruby, it’s really hard to stop or cancel or preempt a running job (unless you’ve already architected that into your jobs, like with the job-iteration library)

The best solution is to have a 2nd door, but only sized for mice, so an elephant can’t ever block it. With a mouse-sized doorway and an elephant-sized doorway, mice can still go through the big elephant door when an elephant isn’t using it. Each door has a maximum size (or “latency”) we want it to accept, and smaller is ok, just not larger.

Configuring your queues

If we wanted to capture the previous 2-door scenario in GoodJob, we’d configure the queues like this;

config.good_job.queues = "mice:1; elephant,mice:1"

This configuration creates two isolated thread pools (separated by a semicolon) each with 1 thread each (the number after the colon). The 2nd thread pool recognizes that both elephants and mice can use that isolated thread pool; if there is an influx of mice, it's possible to use the elephant’s thread pool if an elephant isn't already in progress.

So what if we add an intermediately-sized badgers ? In that case, we can make 3 distinct queues:

config.good_job.queues = "mice:1; badgers,mice:1; elephants,badgers,mice:1"

In this case, we make a mouse sized queue, a badger sized queue, and an elephant sized queue. We can simplify this even further:

config.good_job.queues = "mice:1; badgers,mice:1; *:1"

Using the wildcard * for any queue also helps ensure that if a job is enqueued to a newly declared queue (maybe via a dependency or just inadvertently) it will still get executed until you notice and decide on its appropriate latency target.

In these examples, the order doesn’t matter; it just is maybe more readable to go from the lowest-latency to largest-latency pool (the semicolon groups), and then within a pool to list the largest allowable latency first (the commas). Nothing here is about “job priority” or “queue priority”, this is wholly about grouping.

In your application, not the zoo, you’ll want to enqueue your PaswordResetJob on the mice queue, your CreateComplicatedObjectJob on the badger queue, and your AuditEveryAccountEverJob on the elephant queue. But you want to name your queues by latency, so that ends up being:

config.good_job.queues = "latency_30s:1; latency_2m,latency_30s:1; *:1"

And you likely want to have more than one thread (though more than 3-5 threads per process will cause thread contention and slow everything down a bit):

config.good_job.queues = "latency_30s:2; latency_2m,latency_30s:2; *:2"

Additional observations

Contribute

<!-- Please keep this section in sync with CONTRIBUTING.md -->

All contributions, from feedback to code and beyond, are welcomed and appreciated 🙏

For gem development and debugging information, please review the README's Gem Development section.

Gem development

Development setup

# Clone the repository locally
git clone git@github.com:bensheldon/good_job.git

# Set up the gem development environment
bin/setup

Rails development harness

A Rails application exists within demo that is used for development, test, and GoodJob Demo environments.

# Run a local development webserver
bin/rails s

# Disable job execution and cron for cleaner console output
GOOD_JOB_ENABLE_CRON=0 GOOD_JOB_EXECUTION_MODE=external bin/rails s

# Open the Rails console
bin/rails c

For developing locally within another Ruby on Rails project:

# Within Ruby on Rails project directory
# Ensure that the Gemfile is set to git with a branch e.g.
# gem "good_job", git: "https://github.com/bensheldon/good_job.git", branch: "main"
# Then, override the Bundle config to point to the local filesystem's good_job repository
bundle config local.good_job /path/to/local/good_job/repository

# Confirm that the local copy is used
bundle install

# => Using good_job 0.1.0 from https://github.com/bensheldon/good_job.git (at /Users/You/Projects/good_job@dc57fb0)

Running tests

Tests can be run against the primary development environment:

# Set up the gem development environment
bin/setup

# Run the tests
bin/rspec

Environment variables that may help with debugging:

The gemfiles in gemfiles/ can be used to run tests against different rails versions:

# Install dependencies
BUNDLE_GEMFILE=gemfiles/rails_6.1.gemfile bundle install

# Run the tests
BUNDLE_GEMFILE=gemfiles/rails_6.1.gemfile bin/rspec

Release

Package maintainers can release this gem by running:

# Sign into rubygems
$ gem signin

# Add a .env file with the following:
# CHANGELOG_GITHUB_TOKEN= # Github Personal Access Token

# Update version number, changelog, and create git commit:
$ bundle exec rake release_good_job[minor] # major,minor,patch

# ..and follow subsequent directions.

License

The gem is available as open source under the terms of the MIT License.