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convnet-burden

Estimates of memory consumption and FLOP counts for various convolutional neural networks.

Image Classification Architectures

The numbers below are given for single element batches.

Click on the model name for a more detailed breakdown of feature extraction costs at different input image/batch sizes if needed. The performance numbers are reported as top-1 error/top-5 error on the 2012 ILSVRC validation data. The src column indicates the source of the benchmark scores using the following abberviations:

• MCN - scores obtained from the matconvnet website.
• PT - scores obtained from the PyTorch torchvision module.
• L1 - evaluated locally (follow link to view benchmark code).
• AU - numbers reported by the paper authors.

These numbers provide an estimate of performance, but note that there may be small differences between the evaluation scripts from different sources.

References:

• alexnet - Krizhevsky, Alex, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. "Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks." Advances in neural information processing systems. 2012.
• squeezenet - Iandola, Forrest N., et al. "SqueezeNet: AlexNet-level accuracy with 50x fewer parameters and< 0.5 MB model size." arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.07360 (2016).
• vgg-m - Chatfield, Ken, et al. "Return of the devil in the details: Delving deep into convolutional nets." arXiv preprint arXiv:1405.3531 (2014).
• vgg-vd-16/vgg-vd-19 - Simonyan, Karen, and Andrew Zisserman. "Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition." arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556 (2014).
• vgg-vd-16-reduced - Liu, Wei, Andrew Rabinovich, and Alexander C. Berg. "Parsenet: Looking wider to see better." arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.04579 (2015)
• googlenet - Szegedy, Christian, et al. "Going deeper with convolutions." Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2015.
• inception - Szegedy, Christian, et al. "Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision." Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2016.
• resnet - He, Kaiming, et al. "Deep residual learning for image recognition." Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2016.
• resnext - Xie, Saining, et al. "Aggregated residual transformations for deep neural networks." arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.05431 (2016).
• SENets - Jie Hu, Li Shen and Gang Sun. "Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks." arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.01507 (2017).
• Densenet - Huang, Gao, et al. "Densely connected convolutional networks." CVPR, (2017).

Object Detection Architectures

The input sizes used are "typical" for each of the architectures listed, but can be varied. Anchor/priorbox generation and roi/psroi-pooling are not included in flop estimates. The ssd-pascal-mobilenet-ft detector uses the MobileNet feature extractor (the model used here was imported from the architecture made available by chuanqi305).

References:

• faster-rcnn - Ren, Shaoqing, et al. "Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks." Advances in neural information processing systems. 2015..
• r-fcn - Li, Yi, Kaiming He, and Jian Sun. "R-fcn: Object detection via region-based fully convolutional networks." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 2016.
• ssd - Liu, Wei, et al. "Ssd: Single shot multibox detector." European conference on computer vision. Springer, Cham, 2016.
• mobilenets - Howard, Andrew G., Menglong Zhu, Bo Chen, Dmitry Kalenichenko, Weijun Wang, Tobias Weyand, Marco Andreetto, and Hartwig Adam. "Mobilenets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications." arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04861 (2017).

Semantic Segmentation Architectures

In this case, the input sizes are those which are typically taken as input crops during training. The deeplab-res101-v2 model uses multi-scale input, with scales x1, x0.75, x0.5 (computed relative to the given input size).

References:

• pascal-fcn - Long, Jonathan, Evan Shelhamer, and Trevor Darrell. "Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation." Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2015..
• deeplab - DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFs Liang-Chieh Chen^, George Papandreou^, Iasonas Kokkinos, Kevin Murphy, and Alan L. Yuille (^equal contribution) Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI)

Keypoint Detection Architectures

References:

• multipose - Cao, Zhe, et al. "Realtime multi-person 2d pose estimation using part affinity fields." arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.08050 (2016)..

The numbers for each architecture should be reasonably framework agnostic. It is assumed that all weights and activations are stored as floats (with 4 bytes per datum) and that all relus are performed in-place. Feature memory therefore represents an estimate of the total memory consumption of the features computed via a forward pass of the network for a given input, assuming that memory is not re-used (the exception to this is that, as noted above, relus are performed in-place and do not add to the feature memory total). In practice, many frameworks will clear features from memory when they are no-longer required by the execution path and will therefore require less memory than is noted here. The feature memory statistic is simply a rough guide as to "how big" the activations of the network look.

Fused multiply-adds are counted as single operations. The numbers should be considered to be rough approximations - modern hardware makes it very difficult to accurately count operations (and even if you could, pipelining etc. means that it is not necessarily a good estimate of inference time).

The tool for computing the estimates is implemented as a module for the autonn wrapper of matconvnet and is included in this repo, so feel free to take a look for extra details. This module can be installed with the vl_contrib package manager (it has two dependencies which can be installed in a similar manner: autonn and mcnExtraLayers). Matconvnet versions of all of the models can be obtained from either here or here.

For further reading on the topic, the 2017 ICLR submission An analysis of deep neural network models for practical applications is interesting. If you find any issues, or would like to add additional models, add an issue/PR.