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FALCON 2.0

Falcon 2.0 is an entity and relation linking tool over Wikidata (accepted in CIKM 2020). The full CIKM paper can be found at the link: Falcon 2.0 Paper

It leverages fundamental principles of the English morphology (e.g., N-Gram tiling and N-Gramsplitting) to accurately map entities and relations in short texts to resources in Wikidata. Falcon is available as Web API and can be queried using CURL:

curl --header "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --request POST \
  --data '{"text":"Who painted The Storm on the Sea of Galilee?"}' \
  https://labs.tib.eu/falcon/falcon2/api?mode=long

This is the first resource of this repository. The second resource is described in the ElasticSearch section.

Implementation

To begin with, install the libraries stated in the requirements.txt file as follows:

pip install -r requirements.txt

The FALCON 2.0 tool's code has three main aspects: elastic search, algorithm, and evaluation.

Elastic Search and Background Knowledge

Before beginning working with the Wikidata Dump, we first need to connect to an elasticsearch endpoint and a Wikidata endpoint. The elasticsearch endpoint is used to interact with our cluster through the Elasticsearch API. The ElasticSearch dump (Also knowns as R2: Background Knowledge) for Falcon 2.0 can be downloaded from this link: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.11362883

To import the Elasticsearch dump please use elasticdump and execute the following commands:

elasticdump  --output=http://localhost:9200/wikidataentityindex/  --input=wikidataentity.json  --type=data

elasticdump  --output=http://localhost:9200/wikidatapropertyindex/  --input=wikidatapropertyindex.json  --type=data

To change your elasticsearch endpoint, makes changes in Elastic/searchIndex.py and Elastic/addIndex.py:

es = Elasticsearch(['http://localhost:9200'])

Wikidata SPARQL endpoint helps us to quickly search and analyze big volumes of the data stored in the knowledge graph (here, Wikidata). To change Wikidata endpoint, make changes in main.py:

wikidataSPARQL = " "

We then create indices for property search and entity search over Wikidata. Refer to the following two functions in Elastic/addIndex.py for the code:

def propertyIndexAdd(): ...
def entitiesIndexAdd(): ...

Furthermore, we need to execute a search query and get back search hits that match the query. The search query feature is used to find whether a mention is an entity or a property in Wikidata. Note that Elasticsearch uses JSON as the serialization format for the documents. The elasticsearch query used to retrieve candidates from elasticsearch is as follows:

{
  "query": {
    "match" : { "label" : "operating income" }
  }
}

Search queries over Wikidata are implemented in Elastic/searchIndex.py. Refer to the following two functions in the same file for entity search and property search in Wikidata:

def entitySearch(query): ...
def propertySearch(query): ...

Algorithm

main.py contains the code for automatic entity and relation linking to resources in Wikidata using rule-based learning. Falcon 2.0 uses the same approach for Wikidata knowledge graph as used in Falcon for DBpedia(https://labs.tib.eu/falcon/). The rules that represent the English morphology are maintained in a catalog; a forward chaining inference process is performed on top of the catalog during the tasks of extraction and linking. Falcon 2.0 also comprises several modules that identify and link entities and relations to Wikidata knowledge graph. These modules implement POS Tagging, Tokenization & Compounding, N-Gram Tiling, Candidate ListGeneration, Matching & Ranking, Query Classifier, and N-Gram Splitting. The modules are reused from the implementation of Falcon.

Evaluation

Usage

To run Falcon 2.0, you have to call the function "process_text_E_R(question)" where the question is the short text to be processed by Falcon 2.0 We

For evaluating Falcon 2.0, we relied on three different question answering datasets, namely SimpleQuestion dataset for Wikidata, WebQSP-WD, and LC-QuAD 2.0.

For reproducing the results, "evaluateFalconAPI.py" and "evaluateFalconAPI_entities.py" can be used.

"evaluateFalconAPI_entities.py" evaluates entity linking.

"evaluateFalconAPI.py" evaluates entity and relation linking.

Experimental Results for Entity Linking

SimpleQuestions dataset

SimpleQuestion dataset contains 5622 test questions which are answerable using Wikidata as underlying Knowledge Graph. Falcon 2.0 reports precision value 0.56, recall value 0.64 and F-score value 0.60 on this dataset.

LC-QuAD 2.0 dataset

LC-Quad 2.0 contains 6046 test questions that are mostly complex (more than one entity and relation). On this dataset, Falcon 2.0 reports a precision value 0.50, recall value 0.56 and F-score 0.53.

WebQSP-WD dataset

WebQSP-WD contains 1639 test questions with a single entity and relation per question. Falcon 2.0 outperforms all other baselines with the highest F-score value 0.82, precision value 0.80, and highest recall value 0.84 on the WebQSP-WD dataset.

Experimental Results for Relation Linking

SimpleQuestions dataset

Falcon 2.0 reports a precision value of 0.35, recall value 0.44 and F-score 0.39 on SimpleQuestions dataset for relation linking task.

LC-QuAD 2.0

Falcon 2.0 reports a precision value of 0.44, recall value 0.37 and F-score 0.40 on LC-Quad 2.0 dataset.

Cite our work

@inproceedings{10.1145/3340531.3412777,
author = {Sakor, Ahmad and Singh, Kuldeep and Patel, Anery and Vidal, Maria-Esther},
title = {Falcon 2.0: An Entity and Relation Linking Tool over Wikidata},
year = {2020},
isbn = {9781450368599},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3340531.3412777},
doi = {10.1145/3340531.3412777},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information &amp; Knowledge Management},
pages = {3141–3148},
numpages = {8},
keywords = {wikidata, dbpedia, relation linking, nlp, english morphology, entity linking, background knowledge},
location = {Virtual Event, Ireland},
series = {CIKM '20}
}