Awesome
wasm-bindgen-rayon
is an adapter for enabling Rayon-based concurrency on the Web with WebAssembly (via wasm-bindgen, Web Workers and SharedArrayBuffer support).
Usage
WebAssembly thread support is not yet a first-class citizen in Rust - it's still only available in nightly - so there are a few things to keep in mind when using this crate. Bear with me :)
For a quick demo, check out this Mandelbrot fractal generator:
<table width="100%"> <tr> <td width="50%"> </td> <td width="50%"> </td> </tr> </table>Setting up
In order to use SharedArrayBuffer
on the Web, you need to enable cross-origin isolation policies. Check out the linked article for details.
Then, add wasm-bindgen
, rayon
, and this crate as dependencies to your Cargo.toml
:
[dependencies]
wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
rayon = "1.8"
wasm-bindgen-rayon = "1.2"
Then, reexport the init_thread_pool
function:
pub use wasm_bindgen_rayon::init_thread_pool;
// ...
This will expose an async initThreadPool
function in the final generated JavaScript for your library.
You'll need to invoke it right after instantiating your module on the main thread in order to prepare the threadpool before calling into actual library functions:
import init, { initThreadPool /* ... */ } from './pkg/index.js';
// Regular wasm-bindgen initialization.
await init();
// Thread pool initialization with the given number of threads
// (pass `navigator.hardwareConcurrency` if you want to use all cores).
await initThreadPool(navigator.hardwareConcurrency);
// ...now you can invoke any exported functions as you normally would
Using Rayon
Use Rayon iterators as you normally would, e.g.
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn sum(numbers: &[i32]) -> i32 {
numbers.par_iter().sum()
}
will accept an Int32Array
from JavaScript side and calculate the sum of its values using all available threads.
Building Rust code
First limitation to note is that you'll have to use wasm-bindgen
/wasm-pack
's web
target (--target web
).
This is because the Wasm code needs to take its own object (the WebAssembly.Module
) and share it with other threads when spawning them. This object is only accessible from the --target web
and --target no-modules
outputs, but we further restrict it to only --target web
as we also use JS snippets feature.
The other issue is that the Rust standard library for the WebAssembly target is built without threads support to ensure maximum portability.
Since we want standard library to be thread-safe and std::sync
APIs to work, you'll need to use the nightly compiler toolchain and pass some flags to rebuild the standard library in addition to your own code.
In order to reduce risk of breakages, it's strongly recommended to use a fixed nightly version. This crate was tested with nightly-2024-08-02
.
Using config files
The easiest way to configure those flags is:
- Put the following in a
rust-toolchain.toml
file in your project directory:
[toolchain]
channel = "nightly-2024-08-02"
components = ["rust-src"]
targets = ["wasm32-unknown-unknown"]
This tells rustup to use a fixed nightly toolchain with the wasm-target for your project, and to install rust-src, which is required for build-std
.
2. Put the following in a .cargo/config.toml
file in your project directory:
[target.wasm32-unknown-unknown]
rustflags = ["-C", "target-feature=+atomics,+bulk-memory,+mutable-globals"]
[unstable]
build-std = ["panic_abort", "std"]
This tells Cargo to rebuild the standard library with support for Wasm atomics.
Then, run wasm-pack
as you normally would with --target web
:
wasm-pack build --target web [...normal wasm-pack params...]
Using command-line params
If you prefer not to configure those parameters by default, you can pass them as part of the build command itself.
In that case, the whole command looks like this:
RUSTFLAGS='-C target-feature=+atomics,+bulk-memory,+mutable-globals' \
rustup run nightly-2024-08-02 \
wasm-pack build --target web [...] \
-- -Z build-std=panic_abort,std
It looks a bit scary, but it takes care of everything - choosing the nightly toolchain, enabling the required features as well as telling Cargo to rebuild the standard library. You only need to copy it once and hopefully forget about it :)
Usage with various bundlers
WebAssembly threads use Web Workers under the hood for instantiating other threads with the same WebAssembly module & memory.
wasm-bindgen-rayon provides the required JS code for those Workers internally, and uses a syntax that is recognised across various bundlers.
Usage with Webpack
If you're using Webpack v5 (version >= 5.25.1), you don't need to do anything special, as it already supports bundling Workers out of the box.
Usage with Parcel
Parcel v2 also recognises the used syntax and works out of the box.
Usage with Rollup
For Rollup, you'll need @surma/rollup-plugin-off-main-thread
plugin (version >= 2.1.0) which brings the same functionality and was tested with this crate.
Alternatively, you can use Vite which has necessary plugins built-in.
Usage without bundlers
The default JS glue was designed in a way that works great with bundlers and code-splitting, but, sadly, not in browsers due to different treatment of import paths (see WICG/import-maps#244
).
If you want to build this library for usage without bundlers, enable the no-bundler
feature for wasm-bindgen-rayon
in your Cargo.toml
:
wasm-bindgen-rayon = { version = "1.2", features = ["no-bundler"] }
Feature detection
If you're targeting older browser versions that didn't support WebAssembly threads yet, you'll likely want to make two builds - one with threads support and one without - and use feature detection to choose the right one on the JavaScript side.
You can use wasm-feature-detect
library for this purpose. The code will look roughly like this:
import { threads } from 'wasm-feature-detect';
let wasmPkg;
if (await threads()) {
wasmPkg = await import('./pkg-with-threads/index.js');
await wasmPkg.default();
await wasmPkg.initThreadPool(navigator.hardwareConcurrency);
} else {
wasmPkg = await import('./pkg-without-threads/index.js');
await wasmPkg.default();
}
wasmPkg.nowCallAnyExportedFuncs();
License
This crate is licensed under the Apache-2.0 license.