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PALA Delay-and-Sum beamforming

We provide an easy beamforming code to reconstruct radiofrequency data (RF) provided in the dataset. This beamformer was NOT used for this study and was NOT included in the review process. It can help to understand RF data to compare various beamforming technics used for Ultrasound Localization Microscopy.

This code was written by Alexandre Corazza, 13/10/2021, and merged to PALA by Arthur Chavignon 03/03/2022.

The Delay-and-Sum algorithm was inspired from the function dasmtx.m of MUST (Matlab UltraSound Toolbox) www.biomecardio.com by Damien Garcia. Reference on DAS beamforming: So you think you can DAS? A viewpoint on delay-and-sum beamforming, Ultrasonics, 2021.

Reference on Capon beamforming and covariance matrix estimation: Asl BM, Mahloojifar A. Contrast enhancement and robustness improvement of adaptive ultrasound imaging using forward-backward minimum variance beamforming. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2011 Apr;58(4):858-67. doi: 10.1109/TUFFC.2011.1880. PMID: 21507765.

Reference on pDAS beamforming: M.; Varray, F.; Béra, J.-C.; Cachard, C.; Nicolas, B. A Nonlinear Beamformer Based on p-th Root Compression—Application to Plane Wave Ultrasound Imaging. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8040599

Reference on iMAP beamforming: Chernyakova, T. & Eldar, Y. C. (2019) Ultrasound imaging using iterative maximum a-posteriori beamforming. [online]. Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2019142085A1/en?oq=WO2019142085.

1. WARNING

Beamformed images may be worse than those provided by Verasonics Vantage beamformer. All results and scores of the article have been computed on images provided by Vantage beamforming. Computing metrics on this homemade beamformer may result in biased scores.

2. RELATED DATASET

Simulated and in vivo datasets are available on Zenodo 10.5281/zenodo.4343435. RF data are available for PALA_data_InSilicoFlow and PALA_data_InSilicoPSF datasets.

3. PATH AND LOCATIONS

This folder must be used with the PALA toolbox https://github.com/AChavignon/PALA/tree/master/PALA. It must be placed in /PALA/PALA_Beamforming. Before running scripts, two paths are required and have to be set in PALA_SetUpPaths.m to your computer environment:

4. DISCLAIMER

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.